Transcript Chapter 36

Chapter 36
“The Cold War Begins”
The Cold War [1945-1991]:
An Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL  spread worldwide Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]
1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]
4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
Postwar Economic Anxieties
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Post WWII fear was that the U.S. would sink
back into another Great Depression.
Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, which
outlawed “closed” shop, made unions liable for
damages that resulted from jurisdictional
disputes among themselves, and required that
union leaders take non-Communist oaths.
Congress passed the Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill of Rights)
which allowed all servicemen to have free
college education once they returned from the
war
GI Bill of Rights
• House authors Edith
Nourse Rodgers of
Massachusetts and
John Rankin of
Mississippi look on as
President Roosevelt
signs legislation
popularly known as
the "GI Bill of Rights."
Servicemen at North Carolina State
The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
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The middle class more than doubled while
people now wanted two cars in every garage;
over 90% of American families owned a
television.
Women also reaped the benefits of the
postwar economy, growing in the American
work force while giving up their former roles as
housewives.
Much of the prosperity of the 50s and 60s
rested on colossal military projects.
“Permanent war economy”
The Culture of the Car
America became a more homogeneous
nation because of the automobile.
First McDonald’s
(1955)
Drive-In
Movies
Howard
Johnson’s
Consumerism
All babies were potential consumers who
spearheaded a brand-new market for food,
clothing, and shelter.
-- Life Magazine (May, 1958)
Consumerism
The Smiling Sunbelt
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Immigration also led to the growth of a fifteenstate region in the southern half of the U.S.
known as the Sunbelt, which dramatically
increased in population.
In the 1950s, California overtook New York as
the most populous state.
Sunbelt had better climate, more jobs and less
taxes
People moved from the “rustbelt” to the
“sunbelt”
Sunbelt States
Rustbelt States
Dr. Spock
•
With so many
people on the move,
families were being
strained, which
explained the
success of Dr.
Benjamin Spock’s
The Common
Sense Book of Baby
and Child Care
(1945).
Rise of the Suburbs
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White Flight – Whites moved from the city to
the suburbs leaving a segregated inner city
Federal Housing Authority and the Veteran’s
Administration, loan guarantees made it
cheaper to live in the suburbs than in cramped
city apartments but did not give loans to
minorities
Innovators like the Levitt brothers, with their
monotonous but cheap housing plans, built
thousands of houses in single projects
Led to a construction boom in the 1950s and
1960s
Suburban Living:
The Typical TV Suburban Families
The Donna
Reed Show
1958-1966
Father Knows Best
1954-1958
Leave It
to Beaver
1957-1963
The Ozzie & Harriet Show
1952-1966
•
This comparison of photos shows the
brash distinction of roles developing in
the post WWII time period. This first
photo (top) was taken in Portland,
Oregon during WWII (1940-1945)
when the production of wartime goods
was essential; essential enough to
bring women out into the workplace.
This photo shows a whole family,
young and old, male or female, being
brought into the workforce to help
keep the economy and the wartime
effort afloat. This hard-labor lifestyle
was more a spot of necessity than
actually a long-term plan for the
nation’s success. This line of work is in
direct contradiction to the post-war
strategy of establishing the father
figure as the breadwinner. Male
veterans (below) had all the cards in
their favor in this post-war world
(1947) as they had the G.I Bill helping
fund their education, positioning
themselves in a favorable position to
be a steady father figure (note the
emphasis on children in fathers hands)
with a chance to provide and lead a
successful “American” family life.
Pennsylvania Levittowns
The Postwar Baby Boom
• Many soldiers returned after the war, then had
babies, creating a “Baby Boom” that is still being
felt today.
• As the children grew up collectively, they put
strains on respective markets, such as
manufacturers of baby products in the 1940s
and 50s, teenage clothing designers in the 60s,
and the job market in the 70s and 80s and later
on the Social Security System
Baby Boom Generation
School children 1950s
Teenagers in the 1960s
Yuppie in the 1980s
Elderly in the 2000s
Baby Boom
It seems to me that every other young
housewife I see is pregnant.
-- British visitor to America, 1958
1957  1 baby born every 7 seconds
Harry S. Truman
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Took over after the
death of FDR
Often, Truman would
stick to a wrong
decision just to prove
his decisiveness and
power of command.
“The Buck Stops Here”
“If you can’t stand the
heat get out of the
kitchen”
From the Truman Library
• "The Buck Stops Here"
is a famous sign that is
a part of American
political folklore. It was
given to President
Truman in 1945.
• The saying derives from
the expression "to pass
the buck", which means
to avoid responsibility.
The sign came to
express Truman's
decisiveness and
accountability
Yalta Conference
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One of the many issues on the agenda for Franklin Roosevelt, Winston
Churchill and Joseph Stalin to discuss—and hopefully resolve—at the Yalta
Conference in February 1945 was that of United Nations representation for
the Soviet Union. At the Dumbarton Oaks Conference just months before a
Soviet Ambassador to Washington, proposed that all sixteen of the
republics of the Soviet Union have a seat and a vote in the General
Assembly of the soon to be established United Nations. Initially rejecting
the proposal as completely unacceptable, Roosevelt’s position as
expressed at Dumbarton Oaks had changed by the time of the Yalta
Conference.
Roosevelt’s ultimate objectives at Yalta were to ensure that the Soviet
Union would participate in the U.N. and remain allied with the United States
in finishing the war. More specifically, Roosevelt wanted a commitment
from Stalin that the Soviet Union would support the U.S. in the ongoing
conflict with Japan. In order to achieve his goals for the conference,
Roosevelt was willing to compromise with Stalin on the issue of Soviet
representation in the U.N.
Yalta Conference
•
A final conference of the Big Three had taken place at Yalta in
February 1945
1.
2.
3.
•
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin pledged that Poland should have a
representative government with free elections, as would Bulgaria and
Romania, but he broke those promises.
The Soviet Union had agreed to attack Japan three months after the
fall of Germany, but by the time the Soviets entered the Pacific war,
the U.S. was about to win anyway, as a result it seemed that the
USSR had entered to the sake of taking some of the spoils of the
war.
The Soviet Union was also granted control of the Manchurian
railroads and received special privileges to Dairen and Port Arthur.
Critics of FDR charged that he sold China’s Chiang Kai-shek
down the river.
Churchill, FDR and Stalin at Yalta
U.S./USSR and Cold War Issues
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Communism Vs Capitalism
U.S. refusal to recognize Bolsheviks in Russia for first
16 years
U.S./GB delay of opening second front in Europe
during WWII – USSR lost 20 million lives
U.S./GB froze USSR out of nuclear secrets
U.S. stopped Lend-Lease payments to USSR in 1945
and refused USSR’s request for a $6 billion loan
USSR’s refusal to help aid post-war Europe
USSR’s aggressive expansion – satellite countries
Led to 41/2 decades of tension between the two
countries
Shaping the Postwar World
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Meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944,
the Western Allies established the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by
regulating the currency exchange rates.
The United Nations opened on April 25, 1945
The UN created the new Jewish state of Israel from
Arab-controlled Palestine
The UN also created UNESCO (U.N. Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization), FAO (Food and
Agricultural Organization), and WHO (World Health
Organization), bringing benefits to people all over the
globe.
United Nation
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The member nations drew up a charter
similar to that of the old League of
Nations, formed a Security Council to be
headed by five permanent powers
(China, USSR, Britain, France, and
USA) that had veto powers, and was set
up in NYC.
The Senate overwhelmingly approved
the UN by a vote of 89 to 2.
UN Headquarters
• The Headquarters of the
World Organization is
located on an 18-acre site
on the East side of
Manhattan. It is an
international zone
belonging to all Member
States. The United
Nations has its own
security force, fire
department and postal
administration.
UN Creation of a Jewish State
• The seeds of Palestinian
national consciousness
sprouted in response to the
British colonial presence and
the expanding Jewish
population. And in November
1947, the United Nations voted
in favor of partitioning
Palestine into an Arab and a
Jewish state, a defining
moment for Palestinians who
rejected division of the
contested Holy Land
Nuremberg Trials
• Punished 22 top
culprits of the
Holocaust
• Herman Goering,
Rudolf Hess, Joachim
von Ribbentrop, and
Wilhelm Keitel in front
row
National Archives and Records
Administration
Post-War Germany
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America knew that an economically healthy
Germany was indispensable to the recovery of
all of Europe, but Russia, fearing another
blitzkrieg, wanted huge reparations from
Germany.
Broke up Germany into 4 zones controlled by
U.S., USSR, GB, and France
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–
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West Germany – U.S., GB, France – democratic
free market Capitalist country
East Germany – USSR – Communist satellite of
USSR
Berlin also broken up into 4 zones
Postwar Partition of Germany
Berlin Blockade and Airlift
• In 1948 the USSR choked off all air and railway
access to Berlin, located deep in East Germany,
• The Allies organized a massive airlift to feed the
people of Berlin, and in May 1949, the Soviets
stopped their blockade of Berlin
• 1st ever confrontation between the U.S. and the
USSR in the Cold War – Stalin blinked
The Division of Berlin
Berlin Airlift
Containment Doctrine
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Crafted by Soviet specialist George F.
Kennan - Stated that firm containment of
Soviet expansion would halt Communist
power.
Firm and vigilant containment of
Communism with a combination of
military and political preparedness
Containment Doctrine
• George F. Kennan,
"sovietologist" in the US State
Department, advocated
developing a global foreign
policy for the first time in
American history outside
immediate war. He believed
the USSR to be inherently
expansionist because the
Russian Empire under both the
czars and the Communists had
sought to expand. His warning
that the US ought to prepare
itself to meet postwar Soviet
expansion with a coherent
planned response formed the
basis of the Truman Doctrine.
George F. Kennan,
author of the
"Containment"
doctrine, portrayed as
chess master
(Smithsonian Institution
Truman Doctrine
• Truman asked for $400 million to bolster
Greece and Turkey to keep them from
falling to Communism
• “It must be the policy of the United States
to support free people who are resisting
attempted subjugation by armed minorities
or by outside pressure”
Greece and Turkey
Marshall Plan
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Provided for the formation of the European
Community
Plan was to help Europeans recover from the
war.
The plan sent $12.5 billion over four years to
16 cooperating nations to aid in recovery, and
at first, Congress didn’t want to comply.
Soviet-sponsored coup that toppled the
government of Czechoslovakia finally
convinced Congress to pass the plan.
Marshall Plan
National Security Act of 1947
1. Created the Department of Defense
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Housed at the Pentagon
Headed by a civilian Secretary of Defense
Created the civilian secretaries of the Army, Navy
and Air Force (Joint Chiefs of Staff)
2. Created the National Security Council (NSC) to
advice the president on security matters
3. Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
to coordinate the government’s foreign factgathering
NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Started by the U.S. Britain, France, Belgium,
the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
An attack on one member an attack on all,
despite the U.S.’s traditionally not involving
itself in entangling alliances.
NATO’s membership grew to fourteen with the
1952 admissions of Greece and Turkey, and
then to 15 when West Germany joined in
1955.
In response to NATO the USSR formed the Warsaw Pact, its own
alliance system
Reconstruction of Japan
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General Douglas MacArthur, head of
reconstruction in Japan, dictated a
constitution that was adopted in 1946,
and democratized Japan.
Incredibly quick and successful recovery
– 20 years
China and Communism
• In 1949 the communist forces, led by Mao
Zedong, defeated the nationalist forces,
led by Chiang Kai-shek
• With this defeat, one-quarter of the world
population (500 million people) plunged
under the Communist flag
Soviet Atomic Bomb
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September of 1949, Truman announced
that the Soviets had exploded their first
atomic bomb—three years before
experts thought was possible, thus
eliminating the U.S. monopoly on nuclear
weapons.
Led to concern, hysteria and fear of
spies
Joe – 1 The First Soviet
Atomic Bomb 1949
Hydrogen Bomb
• The U.S. exploded the
hydrogen bomb in 1952, and
the Soviets followed suit a year
later; thus began the
dangerous arms race of the
Cold War
• In 1955, the Soviet Union
dropped the world's first
airborne H-bomb. Americans
reacted with civil defense
strategies such as "Duck and
Cover" exercises and bomb
shelters
1946 Test at Bikini Atoll in the
Marshall Islands
The Bikini Test images are from the papers of Edward Uhler
Condon
Progress Through Science
Atomic Anxieties:
 “Duck-and-Cover
Generation”
Atomic Testing:
 1946-1962  U. S. exploded 217
nuclear weapons over the
Pacific and in Nevada.
Red Scare II
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The Loyalty Review Board was created which
investigated more than 3 million federal employees.
In 1949, 11 communists were brought to a New York
jury for violating the Smith Act of 1940, which had
been the first peacetime anti-sedition law since 1798.
Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill,
which let the president arrest and detain suspicious
people during an “internal security emergency.” It
passed over his veto
House Un-American Committee (HUAC)
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House group headed by Future president Richard Nixon
HUAC
HUAC member (Nixon, Investigator
Robert Stripling, and Chairman
Thomas) with Hiss files
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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Brought to trial, convicted, and
executed
Theirs was the first execution of
civilians for espionage in United
States history.[
Their sensational trial,
electrocution, and sympathy for
their two children began to sober
America zeal in red hunting.
Morton Sobell, who was tried with
the Rosenbergs, served 17 years
and 9 months. In 2008, Sobell
admitted he was a spy and
confirmed Julius Rosenberg was
"in a conspiracy that delivered to
the Soviets classified military and
industrial information and what the
American government described
as the secret to the atomic bomb."
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg leave a federal
courthouse in New York City in 1950 after
being arraigned on charges of espionage. Both
were later convicted of passing secret
information about the construction of nuclear
weapons to the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR) and were executed in 1953.
Alger Hiss
• Alger Hiss, formerly a high
official in the U.S. Department
of Justice, denies charges that
he engaged in espionage. In
1948 in testimony before the
House Committee on UnAmerican Activities, which
investigated Communism in
the United States, magazine
editor Whittaker Chambers
accused Hiss of transmitting
secret government information
to the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR). Although
Hiss denied the charge, he
was convicted of perjury (lying
under oath) and sentenced to
a five-year prison term.
Globe Photos, Inc
Joseph McCarthy
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Charging that there
were scores of
unknown communists
in the State
Department.
He couldn’t prove it,
and many American
began to fear that the
red chase was going
too far; after all, how
could there be freedom
of speech if uttering
communist ideas got
one arrested
Election of 1948
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Republicans – Thomas Dewey
Democrats – Harry Truman
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Truman’s nomination split the Democratic Party
Dixiecrats – Strom Thurmond
Progressive Party – Harry Wallace
**Dewey seemed destined for an easy victory, and on
Election Night, the Chicago Tribune even ran an early
edition proclaiming “DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN,” but
Truman shockingly won, getting 303 Electoral votes to
Dewey’s 189, and to make things better, the
Democrats won control of Congress again.
**Truman received critical support from farmers,
workers, and blacks
Chicago Daily Tribune
Election of 1948
Truman’s Fair Deal
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Improved housing, full employment, a higher
minimum wage, better farm price supports,
new Tennessee Valley Administrations, and
an extension of Social Security.
the only successes came in raising the
minimum wage, providing for public housing in
the Housing Act of 1949, and extending oldage insurance to more beneficiaries with the
Social Security Act of 1950.
Point Four Program
• Point Four Program –
4th point in his
inaugural speech –
spend money on
underdeveloped
countries to keep
Communism out.
1949 Inaugural Speech
during which President
Truman proposed the Point 4
Program.
Source: Truman Library.
Korean War
• On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces
suddenly invaded South Korean, taking the
South Koreans by surprise and pushing them
dangerously south toward Pusan.
• Truman sprang to action, remembering that the
League of Nations had failed from inactivity, and
ordered U.S. military spending to be quadrupled,
as wanted from National Security Council
Memorandum Number 68, or NSC-68
• Truman asked for and mysteriously was granted
unanimous UN approval for military action in
Korea (USSR and China?)
Korean War
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Douglas MacArthur put in charge of UN forces
No declaration of war in US in spite of almost all of the UN troops
being American
General MacArthur landed a brilliant invasion behind enemy
forces on September 15, 1950, and drove the North Koreans back
across the 38th parallel, towards China and the Yalu River.
In November 1950, Chinese volunteers flooded across the border
and pushed the South Koreans back to the 38th parallel
MacArthur wanted to blockade China and bomb Manchuria, but
Truman didn’t want to enlarge the war beyond necessity
MacArthur criticized Truman publicly and was removed for
insubordination
Stage 1
• North Korean army crossed
the 38th parallel -- the border
between the two Koreas at the
end of World War II.
• As MacArthur biographer, D.
Clayton James describes it,
"North Korean artillery and
mortar barrages began hitting
South Korean positions along
the 150-mile width of the
peninsula, shortly followed by
invasion forces totaling over
90,000 troops and 150 Sovietbuilt tanks that struck in
smoothly coordinated assaults
into South Korea."
Info and maps from pbs.org
Stage 2
• By the end of July, the North
Koreans had pushed the U.N.
forces to the southeast corner
of the peninsula, where they
dug in around the port of
Pusan.
• over the next six weeks a
desperate, bloody struggle
ensued as the North Koreans
threw everything they had at
American and ROK (South
Korean) forces in an effort to
gain complete control over
Korea.
Info and maps from pbs.org
Stage 3
•
•
•
MacArthur completely changed
the course of the war overnight by
ordering -- over nearly unanimous
objections -- an amphibious
invasion at the port of Inchon,
near Seoul.
The Americans quickly gained
control of Inchon, recaptured
Seoul within days, and cut the
North Korean supply lines.
American and ROK forces broke
out of the Pusan Perimeter and
chased the retreating enemy
north.
MacArthur received permission to
pursue the enemy into North
Korea. ROK forces crossed the
38th parallel on October 1
Info and maps from pbs.org
Stage 4
• Despite warnings from the
Communist Chinese through
an Indian diplomat that
"American intrusion into North
Korea would encounter
Chinese resistance,"
MacArthur's forces continued
to push north
• The Chinese army, which had
been massing north of the Yalu
River after secretly slipping
into North Korea, struck with
considerable force
• MacArthur was now worried
enough to press Washington
for greater latitude in taking the
fight into China.
Info and maps from pbs.org
Stage 5
• MacArthur's "all-out
offensive" to the Yalu had
barely begun when the
Chinese struck with
awesome force on the
night of November 25
• MacArthur's men fought
courageously and
skillfully just to avoid
annihilation, as they were
pushed back down the
peninsula.
Info and maps from pbs.org
Stage 6
• Stalemate at the 38th
Parallel
• General MacArthur had
been steadily pushing
Washington to remove
the restrictions on his
forces. Not only did
Truman decline for fear of
widening the war, but he
fired MacArthur, who had
been publicly challenging
him for months, for
insubordination on April
11.
Info and maps from pbs.org