Transcript Enforcement? - cloudfront.net

ENFORCEMENT?
• 4. What were the mechanisms used for the
enforcement of the provisions of the treaties: US
isolationism—the retreat from the Anglo–American
Guarantee; disarmament—Washington, London,
Geneva conferences.
ISOLATIONISM
AMERICANS WERE DETERMINED TO MAINTAIN
DISTANCE FROM FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENTS.
DID THEY ACTUALLY ISOLATE?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anglo-French Agreement passed (June 28th 1919)
Anglo-American Guarantee (not passed 1921)
Washington Naval Conference (1921-2)
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932-4)
London Naval Treaty (1936)
BRITISH ISOLATIONISM
• The Anglo French Agreement was passed June 28th
1919.
• This military agreement was initially set up to reduce the
geopolitical changes France wanted to impose on
Germany.
• Wilson, and Lloyd George decided to agree to military
protection for France if Germany attacked.
• The senate refused to pass the Anglo-American
Guarantee.
• The failure of America to pass this military agreement
pushed Lloyd George to renege on military commitment
in the event of German invasion.
BRITISH ISOLATIONISM V AMERICAN
ISOLATIONISM
• Britain and America have historically been
isolationist in their foreign policy.
• British isolationism can be seen as active, while
American isolationism is passive.
• Britain was not interested in making commitments,
but were vocal about being ready to intervene in
European affairs if needed.
• However, they wanted to maintain the ability to
focus their attention on their overseas empire.
• America did not want to be involved in European
affairs and made it public that they would avoid
any engagements.
US ISOLATIONISM
• Our roots in isolationism can be traced back to both
George Washington and Thomas Paine who stated
that America should avoid “foreign entanglements”
• At the inception of The United States of America,
Europe was ensnared in Monarchies which had a
poor history of maintaining peace.
• The strife in Europe often inspired people to leave
and immigrate to the USA. This helped solidify a
feeling that America wanted to be “isolated” from
the mainland Europe.
America also had a historical hemispheric mentality
that can be seen in the “Monroe Doctrine”
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
• Was an attempt to prevent any foreign presence in
the western hemisphere beyond that already
established by 1823. When the doctrine was
announced in later years it was extended to give
the United States the right to interfere in the internal
affairs of nations in the western hemisphere.
WILSONIAN VISIONS OF
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
• At the end of WWI America was the wealthiest and
most powerful economic entity in the world. All
allied nations were in her debt and they recognized
the utility of the American armed forces in helping
end the war.
• Wilson saw this as an opportunity to make a change
in American foreign policy.
• He used phrases like “making the world safe for
democracy.” his vision was expressed in the 14
points and League of nations.
• The failure of his vision can be understood by the
following words by Margaret MacMillan:
WHY DID AMERICA ‘HATE ON’ THE
LEAGUE OF NATIONS?
• “The American had complicated attitude towards
the Europeans: a mixture of admiration for the past
accomplishments, a conviction that the allies would
have been lost without the United States and a
suspicion that, if the Americans were not careful,
the wily Europeans would pull them into their toils
again.” –Macmillan, M. 2001. Paris 1919. London, UK. Murray. p. 14.
REQUIREMENTS FOR CONGRESS TO
PASS THE LEAGUE
• The treaty would have required the senate to vote
in favor by 2/3 majority. That proved impossible to
achieve.
• No consensus on Americas role post war.
• The other issue was a partisan issue between
republicans and democrats. Wilson being a
democrat was opposed to Leader of the Senate
Henry Cabot Lodge.
• The Republicans were also bitter that they were not
invited to participate in the discussions at Versailles.
WHAT ELSE?
• The United States did not ratify the Anglo-American
Guarantee.
• Republican Warren Harding was elected to the
White house in 1921. His slogan was “return to
normalcy.”
• This signified Americas return to a policy of
isolationism.
WHAT WERE THE IMPLICATIONS OF
THE FOLLOWING:
•
•
•
•
Failure of USA to join the League of Nations.
Failure to pass the Anglo-American Guarantee.
“Returning to normalcy.”
Excluding Republicans from the Versailles
delegation
THE ARMS RACE?
• After the war the United States, Great Britain and
Japan invested large sums of money to expand
their naval fleets.
• A conference was called to address the cost and
the increasing tension between the United States
and Japan.
JAPAN AND USA
• Japan and the US had been suspicious of each
other’s intentions in China and the far east for a
number of years.
• This relation became more complicated after the
war as Japan gained more territory in China from
the defeated Germans.
• America was concerned that Japan was going to
dominate in trade in the south pacific and
potentially take over the Philippines.
• Japan was concerned about American naval
expansion and the reluctance of America to
recognize her position in Asia.
UK AND THE OLD ANGLO-JAPANESE
AGREEMENT
• Great Britain was entangled in this growing conflict
as they had the 1902 Anglo-Japanese agreement.
• They thought the chances of an AmericanJapanese war was remote but worried them
enough to encourage/participate in a
disarmament conference.
• Canada and Australia wanted the UK to back out
of their 1902 treaty with Japan in case a war did
break out.
WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE
The Washington Naval Conference also called
the Washington Arms Conference, was a military
conference called by President Harding and held in
Washington D.C. from Nov. 12 1921 to Feb. 6, 1922.
Conducted outside the auspices of the League of
Nations, it was attended by nine nations having
interests in the pacific ocean and east Asia.
•
The Washington Naval Treaty led to an effective
end to building new battleship fleets and those few
ships that were built were limited in size and
armaments. Numbers of existing capital ships were
scrapped. Some ships under construction were
turned into aircraft carriers instead.
•
DELEGATES TO THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE ON
NAVAL DISARMAMENT MEET AT THE DAR'S
CONSTITUTION HALL, C. 1922.
THE WASHINGTON NAVAL
CONFERENCE (1921-2)
• Was the most successful of the post-war
disarmament conferences, though its successes
were limited and not permanent.
• They decided to:
• Limit the size of the cruisers and aircraft carriers.
• Maintain a ratio of naval armaments for USA, UK and Japan
as 5:5:3
• All nations to destroy battleships until max fleet size
permitted was reached.
• No new battleships were to be constructed for 10 years.
• Limited construction of bases in the Pacific.
• This conference also led to 2 major agreements
WASHINGTON NAVAL AGREEMENT
• The 2 agreements:
• The Four Power Agreement involved the USA, Japan, the
United Kingdom and France. This replaced the AngloJapanese alliance and guaranteed the rights of all
signatories to possessions in Asia. The agreed to defend
each other in case of an attack.
• The nine Power Agreement confirmed the Open Door for
trade in China and guaranteed its territorial integrity. This
agreement collapsed with the Japanese invasion of
Manchuria in 1931.
WHAT'S GOOD?
• The conference demonstrated progress towards peace.
• The UK avoided a ruinous naval race that it could not
afford after the 1st World War.
• Anglo-Japanese Alliance ended freeing the UK from a
possible entanglement with the USA.
• Japan had a reduced naval fleet, but the limitations
were good for their economy. They also increased
security by having the number of US/UK bases out of the
Pacific. None within (3000 miles) of Japanese borders.
• The Us reduced armament spending. Supporting
isolationist philosophies.
• All nations had a positive feeling, which temporarily
maintained peace.
WHAT’S BAD
• Germany and Russia were once again excluded
from play time.
• Both Germany and Russia wanted and were
increasing their armaments and this was outside the
remit of the Washington Naval agreement.
EFFECTS OF THE WASHINGTON NAVAL
CONFERENCE
 Lessened possibility of naval war in the Far East where Japan
& USSR had ideas about expanding into China.
 The alliance of First World War victors was reaffirmed, despite
USA’s isolation policy.
 Though better international relations resulted, the USSR was
not invited to the talks, despite her extensive Far Eastern
interests. (USSR was, as yet, not recognized.)
 Treaty of Rapallo (April 1922) – Signed, 2 months after the
Washington Treaty, by Germany and Soviet Russia. They said
they would not attack each other and trade links were
opened. Both powers were no longed isolated.
WAS THE US ACTUALLY ISOLATING?
August 27th, 1928 15 nations signed the KelloggBriand Pact (Paris Peace Pact), which ‘outlawed
war.’
It was the creation of American Secretary of State
Frank Kellogg.
WHO SIGNED THE KB PACT?
• Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia,
France, Germany, Great Britain, India, the Irish Free
State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South
Africa, and the United States
THE SIGNATORIES
WHAT’S THE KB PACT ALL ABOUT?
• Read article from the Office of the Historian.
THE LONDON NAVAL CONFERENCE
• The London Naval Conference of 1930 was the third in a series
of meetings whose purpose was to reduce the naval
armaments of the major powers.
1st meeting: Washington Conference 1921
2nd meeting: Geneva 1927 (failed to come to agreements
The London Naval conference made minor revisions to the ratio
of capital ships established at Washington, moving from 5:5:3 for
the USA, UK and Japan to 10:10:7. France and Italy refused to
participate in agreement.
Submarine warfare regulations were established. Subs could not
sink ships unless the crew and passengers had been removed to
a place of safety. This remained in effect until 1936.
The decisions made at this conference were agreed upon
because they reduced armaments which were expenses
unpopular during the Great Depression.