Transcript Presentation

Chapter 9
Religion and Reform
Section 1
Middle-Class
Reform
I.
Explain how revivalists and transcendentalists
influenced the reform movement



.
A. Protestant Revivalists
•
1) Protestant revivalists preached the message that people
are capable of shaping their own destinies
B. Charles Grandison Finney
•
1) Common-sense emphasized individual’s power to reform
themselves
C. Lyman Beecher
•
1) good people would make a good country
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I.
Explain how revivalists and transcendentalists
influenced the reform movement

.
D. Transcendentalists
•
1) rise above
•
2) transcendentalism – movement inspired by philosophers
and writers – Concord, Mass
•
3) process of spiritual discovery and insight – self-reliant
•
4) Ralph Waldo Emerson – poet
•
5) Henry David Thoreau - Walden
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II. Describe reform efforts in such areas as
temperance, public education, and prisons.

A. Temperance Movement – movement
opposing alcohol consumption
•
•
1) Reform Effort
• a) abstinence – avoiding the drinking of alcoholic
beverages
2) Impact of the Temperance Movement
• a) alcohol consumption dropped dramatically
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II. Describe reform efforts in such areas as
temperance, public education, and prisons.

B. Public Education
•
•
•
•
1) Main goal of education reform was to train the young to
be informed, responsible citizens
2) Horace Mann – tax-supported public schools –
literate citizens
3) Moral Education – self-discipline and good citizenship
4) Limits of Reform• a) schools were more common in the North
• b) more common in urban areas
• c) segregated – keep the races apart
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II. Describe reform efforts in such areas as
temperance, public education, and prisons.

C. Reforming Prisons
•
•
1) prison reformers hoped to achieve more humane
conditions in prisons
2) Dorothea Dix – prison and mental health reformer
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III.

Explain why utopian communities were formed
and why most did not last long.
A. Utopian Communities – groups in search
of social and political perfection
•
•
1) people lived as equals – free from trouble
2) to create places that were free from the ill effects of
urban growth
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Section 2
The Anti-Slavery
Movement
I.

Summarize the growth of the abolitionist
movement, including divisions among
abolitionists.
A. Growth of the Movement
•

1) Abolitionists Movement – worked to end slavery
B. Roots of Abolitionism
•
•
1) earliest known protest against slavery came from
religious groups
2) emancipation – freeing of enslaved persons
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I.


Summarize the growth of the abolitionist
movement, including divisions among
abolitionists.
C. Colonization of Liberia
•
•
1) send free and emancipated blacks to Africa
2) American Colonization Society
•
•
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a) promoted migration of free blacks to Africa
b) West African country of Liberia in 1822
c) plan offended most African Americans
D. Radical Abolitionism
•
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1) William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator
2) radical abolitionists demanded immediate emancipation
of slaves
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I.


Summarize the growth of the abolitionist
movement, including divisions among
abolitionists.
E. Frederick Douglass
•
1) most influential African American abolitionist
•
2) started the abolitionist newspaper North Star
F. Divisions Among Abolitionists
•
1) one main source of division was the right of women to
speak at meetings
•
a) Sojourner Truth
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II. Explain the operation of the Underground Railroad.

A. Underground Railroad
•
•
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1) Harriet Tubman “Black Moses” –
used this to escape to freedom
2) a network of escape routes that provided protection and
transportation for slaves fleeing North to freedom
3) carried out in secret
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III.


Describe the types of resistance that
abolitionists met in the North and the South.
A. Opposition in the North
•
1) based on trade – free blacks accepted lower
wages than whites
B. Opposition in the South
•
1) gag rule – Southerners in Congress passed laws
that prohibited anti-slavery petitions
from being read or acted on in the
House of Representatives
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Section 3
The Movement for
Women’s Rights
I.

Describe how women used their private roles to
influence American society.
A. Private Role for Women
•
•

1) In the early 1800s most Americans thought that
women should not speak at a public meeting
2) Industrialization brought freedom from time
consuming chores mainly for middle-class women
B. Reform at Home
•
1) Catherine Beecher believed that women should
spend their energy improving their families
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II.


Explain how reform movements increased the
public role for women.
A. Fighting for Abolition
•
1) Working in the abolitionist movement gave women
experience in seeking political change
B. Women’s Rights Movement
•
•
1) The World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840
prohibited women from participating
2) The women’s movement compared the status of
women with that of enslaved African Americans
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III.

A. Seneca Falls Convention
•
•
•

Summarize the Seneca Falls Convention for
women’s rights.
1) first women’s rights convention in United States
2) Elizabeth Cady Staton presented a statement of
demands called a Declaration of Sentiments
3) Suffrage – right to vote
B. Slow Progress for Women’s Rights
•
1) As a result of the early women’s movement,
women began to graduate from college
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Section 4
Growing Divisions
I.

Describe the causes and effects of the huge
rise in immigration to the United States in the
1830s and 1840s.
A. Rising Immigration
•
•
1) When immigrants came to the United States, they
settled mostly in the North and West
2) Slave labor in the South offered few job opportunities
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I.

Describe the causes and effects of the huge
rise in immigration to the United States in the
1830s and 1840s.
A. Rising Immigration
•
3) Most immigrants came from Northern Europe
•
•
a) Irish
• 1) Irish Potato Famine – famine in Ireland led to a surge of
immigration to the United States
• 2) Naturalization – applied for and granted American citizenship
b) German
• 1) peasants who bought farmland in the Midwest
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I.


Describe the causes and effects of the huge
rise in immigration to the United States in the
1830s and 1840s.
B. New Cultures
•
1) In the early 1800s native-born Americans were mostly
Protestant, and new immigrants were mostly Catholic
C. Immigrants face hostility
•
•
1) Discrimination – unequal treatment of a group of
people because of their nationality,
race, sex, or religion
2) Irish immigrants generally would work for less pay than
union laborers
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II.


Analyze why the reform movement deepened
cultural differences between the North and the
South.
A. Divided Churches
•
1) The Methodists and Baptist churches split over the
issue of slavery
B. South holds on to traditions
•
1) Reformers’ calls for equal rights for women offended
many white Southerners’ sense of honor
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II.

Analyze why the reform movement deepened
cultural differences between the North and the
South.
C. By the mid-1800s
•
•
1) the roles of Southern women were generally more
traditional than Northern women
2) cultural differences between the North and the South
were widening
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