Transcript 1789

A New Nation & NC Grows
America and North Carolina
1790’s-1850
GEORGE WASHINGTON
• First President of the United
States
• Whiskey Rebellion
– tax on homemade whiskey
– Hurt NC farmers -couldn’t ship
crops b/c of bad transportations
corn whiskey was more
portable
– Farmers rebelled in NC and
PA. Washington sent Federal
troops to PA. Tax repealed.
• First political parties
– 1. Federalists – believed in
strong national government
controlled by the wealthy elite
– 2. Democratic-Republicans
(Anti-Federalist)– believed in a
limited national government run
by all men.
1789- 1796
1790
• Washington D.C. is
established as the
capital of the United
States, replacing New
York.
JOHN ADAMS
2nd President of the U.S.
• XYZ Affair – 1798 –
French wanted bribes to
negotiate with America –
led to undeclared war
• Alien and Sedition Acts –
1798 – allowed the
President to deport
foreign citizens and made
it illegal to criticize
government policies.
1797-1801
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the U.S.
•Purchases New Orleans from France
-Port of New Orleans- important
connection to Mississippi River (key for
transporting goods to trade)
•Louisiana Purchase– 1803
- Paid France $15 million
- Benefits: Doubled size of USA & ensured
access to Gulf of Mexico
- Consequences: Much of land sold by
France wasn’t actually theirs to sell=years of
fighting with Native Americans over land;
question of slavery in new territory
- Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
Meriwether Lewis/William Clark look for
water route to Pacific, Sacagawea
-Pike’s Expedition – 1806 – Zebulon Pike
.
1801- 1809
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Sacagawea
James Madison
4th President of U.S.
• Britain & France seized
American ships and
impressed American
soldiers
• British aid Native Americans
in Ohio Valley
• These lead to War of 1812
(CTF-pg 310)
1809-1817
War of 1812
• 1812-1814 between U.S.
and Great Britain
– Fought over border disputes,
trade problems and
impressment
• U.S. Wins
– Andrew Jackson- best U.S.
general
• Results
-Republican party gains power
-patriotism
-strong national identity
-America gains respect from
other nations
How did the decisions of
President Madison, related
to protecting American
ships and settlers, affect
the United States?
James Monroe
• 5th president
• Florida added in 1819
– treaty with Spain
• Missouri Compromise (1820)
– Henry Clay
• Revolutions in Latin American
countries (Mexico, Argentina Columbia)
– freed land from Spain’s control
which gave independence
• Monroe Doctrine
– Stated that U.S. will not permit
European Nations to colonize or
interfere with the Americas
– Sent message to Europe that US
was a strong nation
1817-1825
Missouri Compromise
Andrew Jackson
• 7th president
• Spoils system
-Rewarding supporters
with government jobs
• Nullification Crisis
-SC outraged by tariff passed
-raised taxes on importsbelieved could nullify (cancel)
federal law they considered
unconstitutional
• Indian Removal Act
• Trail of Tears
1829-1837
Indian Removal
(1830’s)
• Indian Removal Act
– Authorized the removal
of all Indians east of the
Mississippi to
reservations in the West
• Trail of Tears
– US moves Cherokee to
Oklahoma
– ¼ of 18,000 died-not
enough food, or shelter,
or medical care provided
Westward Expansion
1820-1860
• Manifest Destiny
– belief shared by many Americans that the US should expand
across the continent to the Pacific Ocean spreading American
democratic, economic and religious values
Opportunities
• land ownership,
• economic gain
• gold rush
• freedom for runaway
slaves
• religious refuge for
Mormons
Challenges
• struggles with Native
Americans
• issue of slavery
• tough lifestyle for
settlers
• difficult travel
• Oregon Trail (Mountain Men)
• Santa Fe Trail
• Immigrants moved west following these trails to settle
in California, Oregon and other western areas.
• Donner Party
Texas Independence 1836
• Texas becomes an
independent
country, breaking
away from Mexico
– joins the US in
1845
• Battle of the Alamo
War with Mexico – 1846-1848
• United States defeats
Mexico in war
• Gains all of the
Southwest part of
America – California,
New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, parts of Texas
Economic
Growth
• Gold
1. Gold found in NC (1824-1850)
– First gold ever found in US
– Gave NC experience w/ industry
2. California Gold Rush
– Thousands of people head to CA
after gold discovered in 1848
– CA has tremendous population
growth – leads to Compromise of
1850
– 49’ers
• Businesses supplying
settlers and others on the
frontier could charge
higher prices due to lack
of competition
Group Contributions during
Westward Expansion
• Mountain men– Oregon Trail
• 49’ers– damage to Californios disease
& loss of land ownership
• Missionaries
– brought diseases to Native
Americans, opened West to
settlement
• Pioneer women
– established schools, libraries,
& charitable groups,
• Mormons
-Farming methods
-established a Salt Lake
City -became crucial
stop for travelers going
west
-religion
• Chinese-labor force
- shared Chinese culture
• Western women
-1st to gain the right to vote
and had many freedoms
NORTH VS. SOUTH
INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Time period beginning in Mid 1700’s when
people began to focus on use of machines to
help speed up manufacturing and production.
• Began in England– Textile Industry
• Technology – Tools and machinery used to
produce goods
• New Methods
– Mass Production- making of large numbers of
identical goods
– Interchangeable parts- system in which each
particular part of a product would be made exactly the
same way
FACTORY WORKERS
• Many Women – Lowell System
• Small Children – Rhode Island System
• Many employees worked long shifts doing
dangerous jobs for low pay and benefits
• Labor Unions
– Worker organizations to get better pay and
conditions-strikes and lawsuits
Transportation
• Transportation Revolution
– Period during the early 1800’s in which
transportation in the US was rapidly improved.
• Steam power
– Steamboat-Robert Fulton improved the
steamboat making traveling easier. Connected
the North to the South
-Steam Locomotive- much faster to travel by
land. (east to Se
• 30,000 Miles of railroad in use by 1860
• 1st transcontinental line finished in 1861
COMMUNICATION
• Telegraph (1832) –
invented by Samuel
Morse Invents
– Allows messages to
be sent instantly
– Morse Code
– 1844 1st message sent
between two locations
AGRICULTURAL AND HOME
IMPROVEMENTS
• Steel plow– 1837
JOHN DEERE
• Mechanical Reaper
– Invented by Cyrus
McCormick (& Jo
Anderson- a slave)
began to be massed
produced in 1850’s
– Used to cut
down/separate grain
– Increased output of
crops
• Sewing Machine1846 – Elias Howe &
Isaac
• Iceboxes – 1830’s
• Iron cook stoves
• Clocks
• Indoor plumbing
North Carolina
Eastern Prosperity
• Farmers in Eastern North Carolina did well
during this time period
• Bright Leaf Tobacco
• Most political and economic power stayed
in the East
• Most Western farmers struggled –
subsistence farming
Rip Van Winkle State
• Few internal improvements
• Transportation system was poor – few
roads and waterways
• Most North Carolinians did not want to pay
taxes for public programs (education and
transportation)
• Archibald Debow Murphey – early
reformer
Slow Improvements
• Constitution of 1835 – spread power more
evenly between east and west, removed land
ownership from voting requirements
• 1830’s–1840’s – improvement in transportation
• plank roads and first railroads – helped western
farmers and businesses move product more easily
• Public education system begun in the 1850’s
– Calvin Wiley – first state education superintendent
Religious Revival
•
•
•
•
2nd Great Awakening
1790’s-1830’s
Charles G. Finney
Believed that sin was
avoidable and each
person was
responsible for their
own salvation
• Led to large growth in
church membership
Transcendentalism
• Belief in spiritualism over
money and belongings
• Each person should rely
on themselves instead of
outside authority
• Ralph Waldo Emerson –
Self-Reliance – 1841
• Henry David Thoreau –
Walden - 1854
Utopian Communities
• Some
Transcendentalists
tried to form perfect
societies
• Brooks Farm
• Shakers – did not
believe in private
ownership, lived plain
lifestyle
Romanticism
• Belief that all
individuals brought
unique, important
views to the world
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
– Scarlet Letter
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Emily Dickinson
New Immigration
• 1840-1860 – 4 million
new immigrants
• Mostly German and
Irish – fleeing famine
and harsh
government
• Many native citizens
resented them and
feared that they would
take their jobs Nativists
• Know-Nothing Party –
opposed to
immigrants
• Major urban growth –
jobs in factories
• Middle class
• Poor people lived in
bad conditions tenements
Prison and Mental Health Reform
• Many people wanted
to improve society
• Dorothea Dix –
mental health
reformer
• Child Crime
• Prison Conditions
Education Reform
• 1800’s – poor public
education
• Few resources, little
money, untrained
teachers, one-room
schools
• Many children worked
to support their
families
• Common-school
movement
– Horace Mann
• Lengthened school
year, better salaries
and training
• Calvin Wiley
– NC superintendent of
schools
– Traveled to promote
public education
Women and Minorities
• Few women went
past grade school
• Catharine Beecher
• Emma Willard
• Led to increased
opportunities for
women
• Oberlin College –
1837 – first co-ed
college
• Free Blacks in the
North had separate
schools at first
• Few colleges would
accept them – Oberlin
in 1835 was first
• Southern Blacks had
little to no Education
Seneca Falls Convention
• First women’s rights convention – July 1848 –
New York
• Beginning of the Women’s Rights movement
• Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
• Lucretia Mott
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Sojourner Truth
• Susan B. Anthony
Sojourner Truth
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
THE SOUTH & COTTON
• Cotton becomes a major cash crop of the
Southern states
• 1793 Eli Whitney invents Cotton Gin
• Separated seeds from cotton=need for more
slaves to plant
• Scientific agriculture
• Cotton Belt- SC to East Texas
• Slave trade outlawed in 1808
Cotton Gin
Cotton Belt
COTTON
• Most cotton shipped to Europe, especially
England
• Cotton production discouraged the growth of
Southern industry (stuck to Agriculture)
• About 1/3 of Southern whites were slave
owners. Only 25% of that counted as planters
(owners of more than 20 slaves)
• Yeomen - small farmers
• 1860 – 4 MILLION BLACK SLAVES IN SOUTH
• 250,000 free blacks in the South
Slavery in America
• 1517 – Atlantic Slave Trade begins
– Spain imports slaves from Africa to Central and
South America (Native Americans were tried first)
• Between 1517 and 1808, over 20 million
people are taken from West Africa. Half did
not survive to reach America
• 1619 – First Africans arrive in Jamestown,
Virginia – indentured servants
• Slaves were viewed as necessary for the
South’s agricultural economy.
Triangle Trade
• Most slaves kidnapped by African slavers
or sold to slave traders by the tribal kings
• Most were sent to “Seasoning Camps” first
• Triangle Trade – three-part voyage
1. America to Europe- sugar, tobacco, cotton
2. Europe to Africa – guns, textiles,
manufactured goods
3. Africa to America – Middle Passage –
slaves to America - 6 to 8 weeks
The Middle Passage
• Slave ships typically carried between 100
to 300 slaves-men and women
• Most slaves were between the ages of 12
and 30
• Conditions on the trip were horrific.
Anywhere from 10% to 50% of the slaves
would not survive the trip
• Slave Auctions – slaves were sold
anywhere between $200 and $2500
usually
Graph for
Loading slaves
Aboard ship
SLAVERY
• Slaves did many different jobs but most
commonly used for agriculture
–
–
–
–
–
House Slaves
Field slaves
Gang labor
Overseers
Drivers – slave forman
• Slaves were property not people
• Slaves could not legally travel or be taught to
read or write.
• Slave families were frequently split up
SLAVERY CONTINUED
• Physical punishment was common
• Religion was used to support slavery
• Slaves tried to keep their culture through
folk tales and spirituals
• 1831 – NAT TURNER’S Rebellion
• Slave rebellions were the biggest fear for
white southerners
Underground Railroad
• 1830’s – escape system
set up by free Blacks,
escaped slaves, white
abolitionists, and religious
groups (Quakers)
• Harriet Tubman, Harriet
Jacobs
• 1810-1850 – 40,000
slaves escaped using the
Underground Railroad
Frederick Douglass
• Escaped slave
• Taught himself to
read and write
• Became leading
abolitionist and
speaker
Abolition
• Abolition – complete end
to slavery
• Emancipation – to free
from slavery
• Abolition groups –
religious groups,
Quakers,
Transcendentalists
• Not all abolitionists
agreed on what to do
• 1817 – American
Colonization Society –
group to send freed
slaves to Liberia
• Robert Finley
• Theodore Dwight Weld
• David Walker
• William Lloyd Garrison –
published the Liberator,
founded the American
Anti-slavery Society in
1833.
Abolition Leaders
William Lloyd Garrison
David Walker
Angelina and
Sarah Grimke
Theodore
Dwight
Weld
Opposition to Abolition
• Most Northern whites
were opposed to
Abolition
• Many worried that
freed slaves would
take their jobs
• The U.S. government
ignored the issue as
much as possible
• Southern whites
believed that slavery
was vital for their
economy
• Did not want
outsiders interfering
• Believed that blacks
were better off
• Drove most southern
abolitionists out