Transcript B. - White Plains Public Schools

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Washington and
Congress
Section 2: Partisan Politics
Section 3: Jefferson in Office
Section 4: The War of 1812
Visual Summary
Why Do People Form
Political Parties?
The Constitution does not mention
political parties, and the Founders
thought they were a bad idea in a
democracy, yet almost immediately
after the federal government was
created, political parties began to
take shape.
• What role do you think political
parties played in the early
Congress?
• Are parties necessary for
government to work?
Washington and
Congress
What key events occurred
during George
Washington’s presidency?
Partisan Politics
How did trade with other
nations, westward
expansion, and the rise of
political parties affect the
new nation?
Jefferson in Office
What are the main legacies
of Jefferson’s
administration?
The War of 1812
What issues sparked the
War of 1812?
Big Ideas
Individual Action George Washington helped define
the new American presidency.
Content Vocabulary
• cabinet
• enumerated powers
• bond
• implied powers
• speculator
• agrarianism
Academic Vocabulary
• revenue
• creditor
People and Events to Identify
• Tariff of 1789
• Bank of the United States
• Whiskey Rebellion
Do you feel strongly about a political
party?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Creating a New Government
With the adoption of the Constitution,
American leaders had to establish a
new national government to deal
effectively with the challenges facing
the nation.
Creating a New Government (cont.)
• As president, George Washington had to
take the words of the Constitution and turn
them into an effective government.
• He created the following departments:
− Department of State—led by Thomas
Jefferson
− Department of Treasury—led by Alexander
Hamilton
Creating a New Government (cont.)
− Department of War—led by General Henry
Knox
− Office of the Attorney General—led by
Edmund Randolph
• These department heads came to be known
as the cabinet.
Creating a New Government (cont.)
• In the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress
established the following:
− 13 district courts
− 3 courts of appeal
− The Supreme Court
Creating a New Government (cont.)
• One of the most important acts of Congress
was the introduction of the Bill of Rights.
− The first eight protect the rights of
individuals against actions of the federal
government.
− The last two set limits on the powers of the
new national government.
Origins of the Bill of Rights
Creating a New Government (cont.)
• James Madison suggested that the federal
government raise most of its money by
taxing imports.
− Congress passed the Tariff of 1789.
Creating a New Government (cont.)
• Alexander Hamilton believed the
government also needed the ability to
borrow money.
• He asked Congress to redeem the bonds
issued during the war at full value in order to
gain the trust of creditors, bankers, and
merchants.
Creating a New Government (cont.)
• Madison opposed Hamilton’s idea for the
following reasons:
− Many people sold their bonds to
speculators.
− Northerners owned most of the bonds, while
much of the tax money that would pay off the
bonds would come from the south.
− He worried that creditors would eventually
dominate American society and endanger
liberty.
Creating a New Government (cont.)
• Madison finally agreed to help Hamilton
pass his plan, but in turn the capital of the
United States would have to be moved south
to the District of Columbia.
• Hamilton asked Congress to create a
national bank that would manage the
government’s debts and interest payments.
• The bank would also issue bank notes—
paper money.
Creating a New Government (cont.)
• Madison argued that Congress could not
establish a bank because it was not among
the federal government’s enumerated
powers.
• Hamilton disagreed and stated that it was an
implied power.
Creating a New Government (cont.)
• Washington agreed to sign the bill—in 1791
the Bank of the United States was created
with a 20-year charter.
• In 1791, Congress imposed a tax on the
manufacture of whiskey, which led to the
Whiskey Rebellion in 1794.
Which two rights only appear in the
American Bill of Rights?
A. Right to petition and no state religion
0%
D
A
B
C0%
D
C
D. Freedom of speech and
freedom of worship
B
C. Right to bear arms and
freedom of speech
A.
B.
C.0%
0%
D.
A
B. No state religion and right
to bear arms
The Rise of Political Parties
Federalists backed a stronger
government and manufacturers;
Republicans supported a weaker
government and farmers.
The Rise of Political Parties (cont.)
• The nation’s first political parties arose
during this time.
− Hamilton’s supporters called themselves
Federalists.
− Madison and Jefferson’s supporters called
themselves Republicans.
The Rise of Political Parties (cont.)
• Hamilton believed in the following ideas:
− A strong national government
− A government in the hands of the “rich,
well born, and able”
− Manufacturing and trade were the basis of
national wealth and power
The Rise of Political Parties (cont.)
• Jefferson believed in the following ideas—
sometimes referred to as agrarianism:
− The strength of the U.S. was its
independent farmers.
− Too much emphasis on commerce would
lead to a society sharply divided between
the rich and poor.
− The wealthy would corrupt the government
and threaten the rights and liberties of
ordinary people.
The Rise of Political Parties (cont.)
• These two parties divided the country
regionally, leading to later problems.
The rural South and West tended to
support which party?
A. Republicans
B. Federalists
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Big Ideas
Government and Society Disagreements between
political parties early in the nation’s history threatened
citizens’ rights.
Content Vocabulary
• most-favored
nation
• alien
• sedition
• interposition
• nullification
Academic Vocabulary
• radical
• neutral
People and Events to Identify
• Jay’s Treaty
• Pinckney’s Treaty
• Quasi-War
• Alien and Sedition Acts
Do you agree that the United States
should avoid engaging in war when at
all possible?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Trade and Western Expansion
During Washington’s presidency, the
United States faced several challenges
in foreign policy and territorial
expansion; the French Revolution and
conflict between Britain and France
divided Americans.
Trade and Western Expansion (cont.)
• Shortly after George Washington was
inaugurated in 1789, the French Revolution
began in Europe.
• Americans were divided between the British
and the French positions.
• In April 1793, Washington declared the U.S.
to be “friendly and impartial” toward both
warring powers.
Trade and Western Expansion (cont.)
• When the British began intercepting all
neutral ships carrying goods to French
ports, as well as inciting Native Americans to
attack western settlers, Washington sent
John Jay to Britain to seek a solution.
Trade and Western Expansion (cont.)
• Jay’s treaty included the following
concessions:
− Britain had the right to seize cargoes
bound for French ports.
− No compensation would be rewarded for
merchants whose goods had been seized.
However, the issue would be submitted to
international arbitration.
Diplomacy and Westward Expansion, 1790–1796
Trade and Western Expansion (cont.)
− The British would give up their forts on
American territory and grant the U.S.
most-favored nation status.
− Americans were also allowed limited trade
with Britain’s colonies in the Caribbean.
• The treaty was ratified and implemented in
order to avoid war with Great Britain.
Diplomacy and Westward Expansion, 1790–1796
Trade and Western Expansion (cont.)
• Spain, fearing the U.S. and France would
unite and seize their territories, signed
Pinckney’s Treaty.
• This treaty granted the U.S. the right to
navigate the Mississippi and to deposit
goods at the port of New Orleans.
Diplomacy and Westward Expansion, 1790–1796
Trade and Western Expansion (cont.)
• In the 1780s, Americans flocked to the area
between the Appalachian Mountains and the
Mississippi River.
− Kentucky and Tennessee became states
during this time.
− Other settlers moving into the Northwest
Territory clashed with the Native
Americans, eventually leading to Treaty of
Greenville and creation of the
state of Ohio.
Diplomacy and Westward Expansion, 1790–1796
Which party was immediately against
Jay’s treaty?
A. Republicans
B. Federalists
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The War Between the Parties
Conflict between Federalists and
Republicans began to threaten social
stability.
The War Between the Parties (cont.)
• With Washington stepping down, the United
States held its first openly contested
election.
• John Adams became the second president.
• Enraged by Jay’s Treaty, the French began
stopping American ships en route to Britain
and seizing their goods.
• The two nations were soon fighting an
undeclared war at sea that came to be
known as the Quasi-War.
The War Between the Parties (cont.)
• In September 1800 the two countries signed
the Convention of 1800.
− The U.S. gave up all claims against
France for damages to American shipping.
− France released the U.S. from the Treaty
of 1778.
The War Between the Parties (cont.)
• At the height of public anger at France in
1798, the Federalists pushed four laws
through Congress—known as the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
• The first three laws were aimed at aliens;
the fourth law tried to prevent sedition.
The War Between the Parties (cont.)
• In 1798 and 1799, the Republican-controlled
legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia passed
resolutions arguing that since the states had
created the Constitution, they could declare
federal laws unconstitutional.
− The Virginia Resolutions introduced the
theory of interposition.
− The Kentucky Resolutions advanced the
theory of nullification.
The War Between the Parties (cont.)
• The election of 1800 revealed a flaw in the
system for selecting the president.
− The Constitution does not let citizens vote
directly for the chief executive.
− Instead, each state chooses electors—the
same number as it has senators and
representatives.
Presidential Election of 1800
The War Between the Parties (cont.)
• The election of 1800 was an important turning
point in American history, demonstrating that
power in the U.S. could be peacefully
transferred despite disagreements between
parties.
− Instead of overthrowing the Constitution,
the Federalists respectfully stepped down
despite their strong disagreement
with the outcome of the votes.
− Thomas Jefferson then became
Presidential Election of 1800
president.
Which of the following is not one of the laws
included in the Alien and Sedition Acts?
A. Immigrants must wait 14 years
before becoming a citizen.
B. The president can deport without
trial any alien deemed dangerous.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
0%
D
A. A
C. Any French immigrant within the last 2
B. B
years must be deported immediately.
C. C
D. Citizens cannot say or write anything
D. D
critical about the government and its employees.
Big Ideas
Government and Society Jefferson worked to limit
the scope of the government, obtain the Louisiana
Territory, and keep the nation out of European wars.
Content Vocabulary
• judicial review
• embargo
Academic Vocabulary
• license
People and Events to Identify
• Louisiana Purchase
• Meriwether Lewis
• William Clark
• Sacagawea
• John Marshall
Do you feel like the Supreme Court
has a fair amount of power today?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Jefferson’s Administration
During Jefferson’s presidency the
nation more than doubled in size, while
the federal judiciary established its
authority.
Jefferson’s Administration (cont.)
• Jefferson set a more relaxed style for the
presidency, and tried to integrate Republican
ideas into the policies the Federalists had
already set in place.
• One of Jefferson’s strongest beliefs was that
a republic could survive only if most of the
people owned land.
Jefferson’s Administration (cont.)
• On April 30, 1803, the U.S. bought Louisiana
from France for a total of $15 million.
• The Senate overwhelmingly approved the
Louisiana Purchase.
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent
on a secret expedition into the Louisiana
Territory, found a route to the
Pacific Ocean.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Jefferson’s Administration (cont.)
• Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, joined the
expedition as a guide and interpreter.
• This expedition also gave the United States
claim to the Oregon territory along the coast.
• Zebulon Pike also explored the Louisiana
Purchase, providing Americans with detailed
descriptions of the Great Plains and the
Rocky Mountains.
The Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Jefferson’s Administration (cont.)
• The Louisiana Purchase alarmed New
England Federalists.
• A small group of Federalist in
Massachusetts, known as the Essex Junto,
drafted a plan to take New England out of
the Union.
Jefferson’s Administration (cont.)
• At the end of their term, the Federalist
majority in Congress enacted the Judiciary
Act of 1801, which created 16 new federal
judges.
• Jefferson repealed this act after he took
office.
• The Republicans also tried to impeach other
Federalists from the judiciary.
Jefferson’s Administration (cont.)
• The impeachment of Justice Chase
established that judges could be removed
only for criminal behavior, not simply
because Congress disagreed with their
decisions.
• The most important judicial appointment
President Adams made before leaving office
was the choice of John Marshall as Chief
Justice of the United States.
Jefferson’s Administration (cont.)
• Marshall made the Supreme Court into a
powerful, independent branch of the federal
government.
− He increased the power of the Supreme
Court in 1803 with the decision in Marbury
v. Madison—part of the Judiciary Act of
1789 was ruled unconstitutional.
− This was the first time the Supreme Court
asserted the power of judicial review.
Why was the Louisiana Purchase an
important move for the U.S.?
A. It more than doubled the
size of the United States.
B
A
E. B and C
0%
0%
E
D. A and B
D
C. The Native Americans could
no longer attack the settlers.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0% D.
0% D
0%
E. E
C
B. It gave the nation control
of the entire Mississippi River.
Rising International Tensions
To avoid getting drawn into the war
between France and England, Jefferson
banned trade with other countries.
Rising International Tensions (cont.)
• Jefferson refused to continue making
“tribute” payments—money paid to
guarantee the safe passage of American
ships in Mediterranean waters—to the
Barbary States on the North African coast.
• In 1801 Tripoli declared war on the U.S. and,
in turn, Jefferson sent a naval squadron into
the Mediterranean.
• For four years the United States fought its
first foreign military conflict.
Rising International Tensions (cont.)
• By mid-1803 France and Britain were at war
again.
• American merchants were caught in the
middle.
• The British navy was short of recruits, so
they tried to solve this problem by
impressment.
Rising International Tensions (cont.)
• After a British ship attacked an American
ship looking for deserters, Jefferson asked
Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807,
halting all trade between the U.S. and
Europe.
• The embargo hurt the U.S. more than
France or Britain and was repealed in March
1809.
Why did British sailors desert for American
vessels?
A. Low pay and terrible
shipboard conditions
B. Terrible shipboard conditions
and dislike for the king
C. Dislike for the king and too
many months on board the ship
D. Too many months on board
the ship and disease
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Big Ideas
Individual Action Military leaders, including William
Henry Harrison, Tecumseh, Oliver Perry, and Andrew
Jackson, contributed to the outcome of the War of 1812.
Content Vocabulary
• nationalism
Academic Vocabulary
• overseas
• enable
People and Events to Identify
• Non-Intercourse Act
• War Hawks
• Tecumseh
• William Henry Harrison
• Oliver Perry
• Hartford Convention
• Treaty of Ghent
Do you feel that war can be justified?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Decision for War
Trade restrictions and the belief that
the British encouraged Native
American attacks on Americans led
to war.
The Decision for War (cont.)
• In 1808 Thomas Jefferson announced that
he would not run again for president.
− The Federalists nominated Charles
Pinckney.
− The Republican Party nominated James
Madison, who would be the next president.
The Decision for War (cont.)
• To force the British to stop seizing American
ships, he asked Congress to pass the NonIntercourse Act.
• The idea was to play France and Britain
against each other, but the plan failed.
The Decision for War (cont.)
• Macon’s Bill Number Two reopened trade
with Britain and France, but stated that if
either dropped its restrictions on trade, the
United States would stop importing goods
from the other nation.
• Both the French and British repealed their
restrictions, but the U.S. had already
declared war on Britain.
The Decision for War (cont.)
• Members of Congress who wanted war were
named the War Hawks. They thought war
was necessary for three reasons:
− The nation’s reputation was in danger if it
did not go to war to stop the British from
seizing American sailors.
− British trade restrictions had hurt Southern
planters and Western farmers, who earned
much of their income by shipping goods
overseas.
The Decision for War (cont.)
− Westerners blamed the British for clashes
with Native Americans along the frontier.
• Increasing demands of speculators and
settlers actually sparked Native American
resistance.
• Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, believed that
Native Americans needed to unite to protect
their lands.
The Decision for War (cont.)
• William Henry Harrison, governor of the
Indiana Territory, fought the Shawnee in the
Battle of Tippecanoe.
• Tecumseh fled to Canada, convincing
Americans that the British were supporting
the Native Americans.
• Many western farmers argued that war with
Britain would enable the U.S. to seize
Canada.
Which section(s) of the United States
generally voted for war?
A. The Northeast
B. The South and West
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Invasion of Canada
Americans attacked British Canada at
several points along the border and
fought for control of the Great Lakes.
The Invasion of Canada (cont.)
• Americans were not ready to fight the war for
several reasons:
− The army had fewer than 7,000 troops and
little equipment.
− The navy had only 16 ships.
− Americans were deeply divided over the
war.
− Paying for the war posed a problem.
The Invasion of Canada (cont.)
• American leaders planned to attack Canada
from three directions—from Detroit, from
Niagara Falls, and up the Hudson River
valley toward Montreal.
• All three attacks failed.
The War of 1812
The Invasion of Canada (cont.)
• Commodore Oliver Perry’s victory gave the
Americans control of Lake Erie.
• It also enabled General Harrison to recover
Detroit and march into Canada.
• By the end of 1813, the United States still
had not conquered any territory in Canada.
The War of 1812
Why did paying for the war pose a problem?
A. Most private bankers did not support
the war and would not lend their money.
0%
B
A
E. B and C
0%
0%
C
D. A and B
0%
D
C. The United States still had not
recovered financially from the
Revolutionary War.
A
B
C
D
E
0%
E
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
B. The Republicans had shut down the Bank
of the United States.
The War Ends
After more than two years of fighting,
the war ended with a treaty that left
boundaries the same and did not
address the causes of the war.
The War Ends (cont.)
• The British strategy for the war had three
parts:
− The British navy would raid American
cities along the coast.
− They would march south into New York
from Montreal, cutting New England off
from the rest of the country.
− They would seize New Orleans and close
the Mississippi River to western farmers.
The War Ends (cont.)
• In August 1814, the British set fire to the
White House and the Capitol and then
prepared to attack Baltimore.
− The militia defended Baltimore.
− Francis Scott Key wrote what would later
become the national anthem of the United
States when he saw the American flag still
flying above Fort McHenry at dawn.
The War Ends (cont.)
• The British abandoned their attack on New
York after being defeated on Lake
Champlain.
• In December 1814, Federalists from the
region met in Hartford, Connecticut, to
discuss what they could do independently of
the United States.
− Moderate delegates refused to support
such extreme action.
The War Ends (cont.)
• Instead, the Hartford Convention called for
several constitutional amendments to
increase the region’s political power.
• The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew
Jackson a national hero and inspired a surge
of nationalism among Americans.
• The Federalist party appeared divisive and
unpatriotic and gradually ceased to exist.
The Battle of New Orleans, 1815
The War Ends (cont.)
• On December 24, 1814, the negotiators
signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War
of 1812.
Which area of land or water did the
Unites States acquire due to the War
of 1812?
A. Three of the Great Lakes
B. Oregon Country
C. Parts of Canada
D. No new land
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Organizing the Government and
Expanding the Nation
• Washington creates the first cabinet: a
secretary of war, a secretary of the
treasury, a secretary of state, and an
attorney general.
• Congress passes the Judiciary Act,
establishing federal courts, including the
Supreme Court.
• The Bill of Rights is added to the Constitution.
Organizing the Government and
Expanding the Nation
• To finance the new government, Alexander
Hamilton proposes a national tariff, excise
taxes, a Bank of the United States, and
redeeming Revolutionary War bonds at
full value.
• In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court asserts the
power of judicial review.
• The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubles the size of
the United States. Lewis and Clark, and Zebulon
Pike explore the territory.
Organizing the Government and
Expanding the Nation
• Jay’s Treaty improves trade relations with
the British Empire.
• Pinckney’s Treaty secures use of the lower
Mississippi River from Spain.
• The debate over Hamilton’s plans leads to
the emergence of the first two political parties—the
Federalists, supported by artisans and merchants in the
Northeast, and the Democratic-Republicans, supported
by farmers in the South and the West.
Organizing the Government and
Expanding the Nation
• Jay’s Treaty with Britain angers
Republicans.
• France’s attacks on American ships leads
to the Quasi-War, and Federalists try to
limit political criticism with the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
Causes of the War of 1812
• The French Revolution leads to a war between Britain
and France; the British and French start seizing
merchant ships—including American ships—headed to
each other’s ports. The war increases party divisions;
the Federalists support Britain and the Republicans
support France.
• When the Republicans gain control of Congress and
the presidency, tensions with Britain
grow worse.
• British impressment of American
sailors angers Americans.
Causes of the War of 1812
• British support of Native Americans, including
Tecumseh, angers settlers in the West.
• British trade restrictions and seizure of merchant cargo
heading to France angers Southern planters and
frontier farmers.
• An American embargo fails to convince the British to
change their policies.
Causes of the War of 1812
• A group of congressmen, known as War Hawks, call for
war, both to avenge Britain’s violations of American
sovereignty and to protect the interests of the South
and the West.
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cabinet
a group of advisers to the president
bond
a note issued by the government that
promises to pay off a loan with
interest
speculator
person who risks money in hopes of a
financial profit
enumerated powers
powers listed in the Constitution as
belonging to the federal government
implied powers
powers not specifically listed in the
Constitution but claimed by the
federal government
agrarianism
philosophy that agriculture and
owning land is the backbone of the
economy
revenue
money
creditor
one to whom a debt is owed
most-favored nation
a policy between countries ensuring
fair trading practices
alien
a person living in a country who is not
a citizen of that country
sedition
incitement to rebellion
interposition
theory that a state should be able to
intervene between the federal
government and the people to stop
an illegal action
nullification
theory that states have the right to
declare a federal law invalid
radical
one whose political views, practices,
or policies are considered extreme
neutral
not aligned with any political or
ideological group
judicial review
power of the Supreme Court to
determine whether laws of Congress
are constitutional and to strike down
those that are not
embargo
a government ban on trade with other
countries
license
permission or freedom to act
nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a nation
overseas
situated, originating in, or relating to
lands beyond the sea
enable
to make possible, practical, or easy
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