Transcript First Seven Presidents – War of 1812 Fall 2015

Unit 3: Expansion,
Reform and Tension
American Expansion
Lewis & Clark
Louisiana Purchase
War of 1812
Western Land Claims
NW Territory
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With an end to the U.S. Rev., and the Treaty of
Paris firmly in place, America now stretched
more than 800,000 square miles from the
Atlantic west to the Miss. River.
The great expanse offered unlimited
opportunity for settlement of farms and towns.
Natural resources were abundant. Americans
began moving westward.
Encouraged by Congress, within the short span
of 100 years, America grew to 38 states,
including Texas to the south, and Oregon and
California to the west.
Northwest Ordinance
In 1787, Congress passed the Northwest
Ordinance. It est. a set of principles and
procedures for statehood, applied first to
states carved out of the Northwest
Territory, including Wisconsin, Michigan,
Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana.
 The Northwest Ordinance guaranteed civil
liberties, est. guidelines for statehood,
encouraged education, and banned
slavery from the entire region.
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Northwest Ordinance
North West
Territory
■Grid system was created by
Thomas Jefferson…
■Structured and organized land
policy
■Allowed for a peaceful purchase
of land.
■Promoted an orderly expansion
westward..
■Confederation Congress
convinced states who claimed
land out west to cede their land to
the US Govt.
■US Govt. was to come up with a
fair and reasonable land
policy…..Unlike the Proclamation
of 1763….
WASHINGTON'S INAGAURAL
New Constitution and Gov’t take
effect on April 30, 1789.
Washington begins his presidency in
NYC & alternates between there &
Philadelphia.
Capital city at this time was New York
City. 1789-1797
Washington
Precedents are
models,
examples or
influences other
Presidents would
follow
What
to call the
President? Mr.
President
President
VP has no official duties
sets
their own
personal style
Cabinet
appointed by
President and
advises him
President acts independent
from Congress
Congress relies on the advice of
the President
Served 2 terms and stepped
aside for someone else
PRECEDENTS
OF
WASHINGTON
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Cabinet advises the Pres. and heads up an
agency of the gov’t
Department of State-----Foreign affairs
Jefferson----Secretary of State
Department of Treasury---Financial affairs
Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury
Department of War-------------------Military
affairs
Henry Knox----Secretary of War
Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs
Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice
Postmaster General-------------------Postal
system
Washington's
First Cabinet
Samuel
Osgood
HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON
A. Hamilton and T. Jefferson played a valuable role in the
beginning of our nation.
Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our
country would go economically, politically and socially.
Pres. Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men
as they argued over our country’s beginnings.
Rise of Political Parties
Federalist
Republicans (former
Anti-federalist)
Leaders
Alexander Hamilton
and John Adams
Thomas Jefferson and
James Madison
Appealed to …
Manufacturers,
merchants, wealthy
and educated….
Favored seaboard cities
Farmers and Planters
common man
Favored the South and
West
Ideas of Government
Strong government
over states
Loose Construction of
Constitution
Implied powers
State’s rights over
National Govt.
Strict construction of
Constitution
Expressed/Enumerated
powers
Domestic Policy
Support Bank of U.S. ,
tariffs high, assume
debt of states.
Don’t support B.U.S.,
tariffs low, against
national debt, state pay
debt.
Foreign policy
Favor British
Favor French
FIRST
SUPREME
COURT
John Jay first Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court
President
Washington
appoints 6
justices to
the Supreme
Court
3 from
North and 3
from South
Pres.
Washington faced
several NA
problems.
GB was
supplying the
tribes with arms
and ammunition
to attack US
settlers.
Washington sent
General “Mad
Anthony” Wayne
to defeat the
Indian tribes.
War in the Old
Northwest
Territory
Several
tribes,
led by Little
Turtle of the
Miamis, scored
early victories
(1790–91)
The Miamis
were defeated
at Fallen
Timbers by
General Mad
Anthony Wayne
(1794)
Treaty of Greenville
 (1795) gave USA right to settle most
of Ohio
 1st formal recognition of NA
sovereignty over land not ceded by
treaty

War in the Old
Northwest Territory
•
Farmer’s revolt in
western
Pennsylvania.
Refused to pay
Hamilton’ s excise tax
•
•
Believed it was an
unfair tax.
Were called the
“Whiskey Rebels”
•
Whiskey
Rebellion
Issue at hand was
testing the power of
the new Constitution
•
 Outcome:
•
Demonstrated to the
people that this new
constitution was
powerful enough to
put down domestic
rebellions,
“mobocracy”
•
Showed the power of
the national
government
Whiskey
Rebellion
WASHINGTON'S
FAREWELL
SPEECH
Washington warned of the dangers of political parties and
permanent alliances with other nations.
Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances” became a
principle of U.S. foreign policy.
Foreign Policy: Isolationism
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1796 campaign
Adams was
supported by New
England and
Federalists
 Defeated Jefferson 7168 in Electoral College
 Jefferson becomes VP

France and US close
to war.
 Jay’s Treaty
 US not honoring the
Franco-American Treaty
of 1778
Adams Becomes
President
I. Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson
Presidential Candidate
Aaron Burr Vice President
Election of 1800 DemocraticRepublican candidates
John Adams Presidential
Candidate
Charles C. Pinckney VicePresident Candidate
Election 1800: Federalist
Winner of the 1800 Election:
Thomas Jefferson’s
Thomas Jefferson Presidency 1801-1809
Significance of Election of 1800
• peaceful transfer of power
from one political party to
another
• “revolutionary” achievement
John S. Adams
Federalist
Thomas J. D-R
The Election of 1800
• This contest marked the first time that power passed
from one American political party to another.
• Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson against
Federalist John Adams
• The campaign was vicious.
• Supporters of each side made their arguments in letters
and newspaper editorials, which often made wild
accusations and spread scandalous stories.
The Election of 1800
Problems
• The election ended in a tie between Jefferson and Burr.
• Political parties did not specify who was the party’s preferred candidate for
president.
• The House of Representatives was deadlocked at 35 votes.
• Hamilton urged Federalists to vote for Jefferson. On the 36th vote, Jefferson was
chosen president.
• These problems with the voting system led to the passage of the Twelfth
Amendment (1804), which said that electors must cast separate ballots for
president and vice president.
But he’s on the ten dollar bill …
Hamilton’s choice of Jefferson over Burr in the House of
Representatives in the 1800 election and Hamilton’s opposition
to Burr’s 1804 run for New York governor led to their deadly
duel. Hamilton’s death ended the power of the Federalist Party.
Hamilton Burr Duel
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Usually after a challenge,
differences were resolved
peacefully.
Threw dice to see who
shot first.
Hamilton won, but
missed
Burr hit Hamilton in the
stomach causing him to
die the next day.
Burr is charged with
murder but flees before
being put on trial.
Burr flees to Europe
eventually but returns to
NY to practice law until
his death.
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Thomas Jefferson
Reduces the size of the government
Reduced the size of the army and navy
Pushes for free trade
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
-John Marshall
-Establishes Judicial Review
Thomas Jefferson
The Beginning
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March 4, 1801
◦ Thomas Jefferson is
the first President
inaugurated in the
new capital city of
Washington D.C.
◦ He delivers his first
inaugural address.
This address outlines
what he feels are the
essential principles of
government.
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Essential Principles of Government
◦ “equal and exact justice to all men”
◦ “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with
all nations”
◦ “the support of state governments”
◦ “the preservation of general government”
◦ punishment for those who choose to revolt
◦ compliance with the decisions of the majority
First Inaugural Address
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Essential Principles of Government Cont…
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“a well disciplined militia”
honest payment of debts
maintaining a sound economy
proper distribution of information
freedom of religion
freedom of the press
First Inaugural Address
The Jefferson Presidency
Simplifying the Presidency
• Jefferson replaces some Federalists with Democratic-Republicans
• Reduces size of armed forces; cuts social expenses of government
• Eliminates internal taxes; reduces influence of Bank of the U.S.
• Favors free trade over government-controlled trade, tariffs
• Southern Dominance of Politics
• Jefferson first to take office in new Washington, D.C.
• South dominates politics; Northern, Federalist influence decline
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In 1800, Thomas Jefferson was elected the
3rd President of the United States. Jefferson
was intensely curious about treasures yet to
be discovered in the western land. Jefferson
approached Congress with a request for
$2,500 for an expedition west of Mississippi
River, into territory then claimed by France.

Jefferson’s plan was to gain knowledge about
the plants and animals that inhabited the
vast uncharted West.
II. Louisiana Purchase
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Eventually, Jefferson hoped to open the land
to settlement, explaining to Congress that it
would be to the benefit of Native Americans
to “abandon hunting, to apply to the raising
of stock, to agriculture and domestic
manufacture, and thereby prove to
themselves that less land and labor will
maintain them in this, better than in their
former mode of living.” To Jefferson, this was
a logical plan for coexistence between Native
Americans and westward settlers.
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase
•
General Napoleon
Bonaparte wanted to
build a French empire.
•
Bonaparte wanted to
regain France’s former
lands called the Louisiana
Territory.
•
Those lands had gone to
Spain in the Treaty of
Paris in 1763.
• Spain turned over control
of the area to France.
Louisiana Purchase
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Since Napoleon was at war with
Great Britain, he offered the
entire Louisiana Territory to the
U.S. for $15 million.
He needed money for his war
with Great Britain.
Jefferson purchased the
Louisiana Territory for $15
million, about 3 cents an acre.
Almost doubled the size of the
United States
Jefferson’s greatest
accomplishment
Why? Didn’t fight a war, no
bloodshed.
The Louisiana Purchase
• Soon after proposing the Lewis & Clark Expedition, Jefferson
sent James Monroe to Paris to try to purchase New Orleans and
West Florida.
• At the meeting, France offered to sell the United States all of
the vast Louisiana Territory.
• The Constitution did not directly give Jefferson the authority to
buy new territory for the nation.
• Jefferson and his fellow strict constructionists decided that the
right to acquire territory was implicit in the president’s
constitutional power to make treaties.
Louisiana Purchase
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April 30, 1803
◦ The purchase added
◦ 828,000 square miles of land
west of the Mississippi to the
United States.
◦ July 4, 1803 the Louisiana
Purchase is publicly
announced.
Original treaty can be found at:
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/ameri
can_originals_iv/sections/louisiana_pur
chase_treaty.html
Spanish Land
1800
•Great Britain
after the
Revolution.
•United
States after
War
•Spanish land
after
Revolution
New Orleans
The Louisiana Purchase
• Jefferson sent the Corps of Discovery, usually called the Lewis and Clark
expedition, to explore the land of the Louisiana Purchase.
• Led by Meriwether Lewis, Jefferson’s secretary, and William Clark, an
experienced frontiersman
• Their ultimate goal was to reach the Pacific Ocean.
• They mapped the country and surveyed its natural history, including plants,
animals, and landforms.
• Zebulon M. Pike led an 1805 expedition that traveled 2,000 miles to explore
the upper Mississippi Valley.
• In 1806 he explored the Southwest and gathered information about the economy
and defenses of Spanish New Mexico and Texas.

Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis
and William Clark to lead the
expedition. They led 50 other
explorers in the Corps of Discovery.
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Starting near St. Louis, they traveled
up the Missouri River. Ultimately,
they traveled for 28 months,
covering almost 8,000 miles along a
route that took them to the Pacific
Ocean and back.

Lewis and Clark met Sacagawea, a
young Shoshone woman, while
wintering at Fort Mandan in today’s
North Dakota.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
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Sacagawea became
instrumental in the
success of the
expedition, serving as
interpreter and guide.
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The success of the Lewis
and Clark Expedition
opened the floodgates
to western expansion,
and along with it, a
dramatic an ominous
change for Native
Americans living both
east and west of the
Mississippi River.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
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January 18, 1803
◦ Jefferson sends a secret
message to congress
regarding the Lewis and
Clark Expedition.
◦ In this message Jefferson
asks for permission to
establish trading with the
Indians.
◦ The original message can be found at:
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.ph
p?flash=true&doc=17
Sacagawea became instrumental in the
success of the expedition, serving as
interpreter and guide.
 The success of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition opened the floodgates to
western expansion, and along with it, a
dramatic an ominous change for Native
Americans living both east and west of
the Mississippi River.
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition
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Delivered on March 4, 1805.
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Stresses the importance of American
neutrality in matters of foreign affairs.
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Outlines the Louisiana Purchase and the
processes by which the original inhabitants of
the land will become citizens of the United
States.
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Stresses the importance of harmony amongst
all inhabitants of America
Second Inaugural Address
Embargo Act of 1807
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1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic
Wars between France and Great
Britain.
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America was once again trapped
between the two nations.

Jefferson wanting to stay neutral
proposed an embargo on all
foreign trade.

This was highly unsuccessful and
devastated the American
economy.

The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
was put in place to repeal the
unsuccessful Embargo Act.

Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and
traded for most of their natural resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to
them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS CALLED
ECONOMIC COERCION.
•
The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade
which was our economic survival as a nation.
• As a result, many Americans defied the law and began to smuggle goods from
these countries as well as others.
• It would have the reverse effect……
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Hurt American businesses
New Englander’s shift from trade to industry
U.S. smuggled
New England talked of secession…..
Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809
Embargo Act of 1807
. Election of 1808 and election of 1812
◦ James Madison, a Democratic-Republican, won
◦ In the Spring of 1812, Madison decided to go to war
against Britain
III. James Madison
Election of 1812
James Madison Presidency
Born in Virginia, 1751
Enlisted in Continental Army
but too small
Attended Princeton
University and became a
lawyer.
Father of the Constitution
and Bill of Rights.
Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency
President, 1809 to 1817
Most known for defending
US Neutrality during the
War of 1812.
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PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
Defend our neutrality
Freedom of the seas
Defend our self interest
Madison brought the US into this war
to defend the neutrality of the US.
Would this be a violation of President
Washington’s policy of keeping the
US out of war and neutral?
IV. War of 1812 “Mr. Madison’s War”
Why Britain, not France?
◦ Impressments: destroying US economy
◦ British forts
◦ Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)
◦ Desire for Canada
◦ No respect from British
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Was convinced by the War Hawks that
this was a needed war.
War of 1812 “Mr. Madison’s War”
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June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of
war with England.
 Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London
repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war
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New England opposed to war but
Southern/western states supported the war
US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US
divided
Poorly equipped US army initiated military action
in 1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada
The British easily repulsed the Americans
War of 1812 “Mr. Madison’s War”
A. Causes of the War
1. Impressments
- Britain and France were
fighting a war in Europe.
- Britain began capturing
American sailors and
“impressing” them, or forcing
them to work on British ships.
-By 1807, Britain had seized
more than 1,000 American
ships.
The War of 1812
The War of 1812
2. Embargo Act of 1807
 President Jefferson convinced Congress
to declare an embargo.
 Jefferson believed the embargo would
hurt Britain, but it really hurt America.
 In 1809, Congress ended the embargo
with all countries except Britain and
France
The War of 1812
3. America’s Desire for Canada
 Americans saw that Canada was not
well-defended by Britain.
 Americans wanted more land and
believed that people in Canada
would want to join the United States.
The War of 1812
4. The War Hawks
◦ A group of Democratic Republican
Congressmen from the South and
West.
◦ Wanted war against Britain
◦ Led by Senator John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina and Henry Clay of
Kentucky.
War Hawks Beliefs for war
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U.S. must defend
its neutrality
Stop impressment
British forts
Tecumseh
Desire for Canada
and Florida
Called 2nd War of
Independence
The WAR of 1812
4. British giving Native
Americans guns and
ammunitions. Moreover,
members of Congress
believed the British were
arming Native Americans
and instigating aggression
against the United States.
“We gave them forest-clad
mountains and valleys full of
game and in return what did
they give our warriors and
our women? Rum, trinkets
(jewelry) and death”
The War of 1812
B. Battles
1. The
War in Canada
◦ Americans were unprepared for war
◦ The British captured Detroit and the Americans failed to capture Canada.
◦ Many Native Americans helped the British because they wanted to stop
Americans from taking more land.
The War of 1812
2. The War at Sea
◦ The U.S. Navy was young and
outnumbered.
◦ In November of 1812, the
British blockaded the
Chesapeake and Delaware
Bays.
◦ The blockade grew throughout
the war.
◦ By 1813, most American ships
were unable to leave their ports.
War of 1812
The Battle of Lake Erie was
probably the most important
naval battle of the war
After defeating the British,
Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
declared, “We have met the
enemy and they are ours”
Thomas Macdonough defeated a
British fleet on Lake Champlain
which resulted in a British retreat
US Naval tradition develops
during the War of 1812
The War of 1812
3. The War on Land
◦ Battle for Washington
 The British invaded
Washington, D.C. in 1814.
 British soldiers burned the
Capitol, the White House,
and other public buildings.
 Before the British burned the
White House, Dolly
Madison saved a famous
painting of George
Washington.
Fort McHenry
Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s
Early Light…
- Francis Scott Key
National Anthem

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhrrGu2rcZ4&feature=player_embedded
Star Spangle Banner – National Anthem Super Bowl 2004 - Beyonce

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yb_yVxDyB9s&feature=player
_embedded
Star Spangle Banner – National Anthem Lyrics
Studio portrait of the surviving Six Nations warriors who
fought with the British in the War of 1812. (Right to left:)
Sakawaraton a.k.a. John Smoke Johnson (born ca. 1792);
John Tutela (born ca. 1797) and Young Warner (born ca.
1794). Taken in Brantford, Ontario.
The War of 1812
c. Outcome
1. On June 18, 1812, Congress declared war on Great
Britain, two years later the two countries signed the Treaty
of Ghent.
2. Significant Battle of New Orleans' military leader Andrew
Jackson. Battle fought after the signing of the Treaty of
Ghent.
3. Though militarily a stalemate,
the War of 1812 ushered in a spirit
of nationalism in the U.S. that
expanded trade and westward
movement.
The War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent
War of 1812 is considered a
“stalemate”…Dec. 1814
Peace commissioners in Ghent
devised the following terms of peace
*A halt to the fighting
*The return of all conquered territory
to the prewar borders
*Recognition of the prewar boundary
between Canada and the United
States
Treaty was ratified by the Senate
Battle of New Orleans
Battle of New Orleans
10,000 British troops
reached the mouth of
the Mississippi River
and were threatening
the Louisiana
Purchase.
 4,500 U.S. troops led
by Andrew Jackson,
the British were
defeated on January
8, 1815, 2 weeks
after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated
to end the war.
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Battle of New Orleans
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Considered greatest
U.S. victory to that
time
Defeated British’s
best without help
from any country
Countries gained
respect for the U.S.
after this battle.
Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the
control of the U.S
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
 Andrew Jackson becomes war hero
 Nationalism grows

Battle of New Orleans
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsRK3DNoa_Q
Battle of New Orleans Video – Johnny Horton
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxB42cjHTGg
Battle of New Orleans Video – Lyrics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YDSYOixmK0
Battle of New Orleans Video – Dolly Parton
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British v. USA
Battle of Fort McHenry
British invade Baltimore
Francis Scott Key writes the Star Spangled Banner
British burn Washington DC
Naval Battles
USS Constitution (Old Ironsides)
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Armistice is signed
The 49th parallel is set
Constitution
“Old Ironsides”
U.S.S.
The War of 1812
I. James Monroe
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5th President (18171825)
DemocraticRepublican
“Era of Good Feeling”
◦ Period were national
unity is strengthening
Born in Virginia in 1758,
Attended the College of William
and Mary,
Fought with Continental Army
Practiced law in Virginia.
Elected United States Senator
Helped negotiate the Louisiana
Purchase.
II. New land

1. In 1819, the U.S. and Spain
signed the Adams-Onis Treaty (or
Transcontinental Treaty),
transferring ownership of Florida
and parts of Alabama and
Mississippi from Spain to the
United States. Spain retained
Texas, while giving up its claims
to the Oregon Territory.
2. Missouri Compromise (1820)
◦ In 1818 US had 10 free and 10 slave States
◦ Illinois became the 11th free State & South
figured Missouri would be the 11th slave State
◦ Was a provision for Missouri to gradually
become a free State
◦ Southern Senators saw a threat and refused to
admit Missouri as a State

Missouri Compromise (1820)
◦ Alabama was then accepted as 11th slave State
◦ Balance was restored, but fighting began when
Missouri petitioned for admittance again
◦ Henry Clay – “the Great Compromiser” came
up with a plan
 Missouri would enter as a slave State
 Maine would enter as a free State
 The Louisiana Territory would be divided on the 36o31’
line of northern latitude
 Below the line Slave State
 Above free State
 Monroe signed it and quiet the issue of slavery for the
time.
Monroe Doctrine
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Then, on December 2, 1823,
President James Monroe
issued the Monroe Doctrine.
It put Europe on notice that
the U.S. would not tolerate
any additional European
colonies in North America.
Though the U.S. had little
military might to enforce the
doctrine, it became the basis
for U.S. foreign policy in
the western Hemisphere.
Stay out of Latin America!!!
1. American domestic policy
focused on the movement
west. The introduction of the
steamboat in 1807 changed
river travel (Robert Fulton).
2. 20 yrs. later the steam
locomotive would lead to the
establishment of a railroad
network stretching from the
East Coast to the Mississippi
River.
Inventions
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With great fanfare, the Erie Canal opened in 1825, connecting Lake Erie to the west
with the Hudson River to the east.
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Canals and railroads allowed goods to move west and farmers’ products to move
east.
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New York, a central point for America’s trade and banking, quickly grew to a
population of over 200,000 by 1830.
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The development of the nation’s infrastructure led to the growth of America’s inner
cities, including Chicago which boasted of a population of 4,170 in 1837, when it
officially became a city.

http://havefunwithhistory.com/movies/erie.html
Erie Canal
Erie Canal
Erie Canal
Other Canals
1.
Which legislation established the procedures for
the orderly expansion of the United States?
A. The Northwest Ordinance (1787)
B. The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
C. The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
D. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Review Questions
2. What was the effect of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition?
A. It called for passage of the Homestead Act
B. It decreased interest in land west of the
Mississippi
C. It encouraged westward expansion
D. It created interest in gold mining in California
Review Questions
3. Which event led to the largest amount of land
gained in the history of the United States?
A. the Homestead Act
B. the Northwest Ordinance
C. the Louisiana Purchase
D. the Adams-Onis Treaty
Review Questions
4. Of what significance were railroads and canals in
1830s?
A. They slowed city growth
B. They stopped expansion
C. They encouraged westward movement
D. They improved Native American relations
Review Questions