Transcript PPT 13-15

United States History 2
Standards 13—15:
Progressive Reforms,
American Foreign Policy,
World War 1
United States History Standard 13:
■ Identify major efforts to reform American
society and politics in the Progressive Era.
– Explain Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and
federal oversight of the meatpacking industry.
– Identify Jane Addams and Hull House and
the role of women in reform movements.
– Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessy v.
Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP.
– Explain Ida Tarbell’s role as a muckraker.
– Describe progressive reforms: initiative,
recall, and referendum; direct election of
senators; reform of labor laws; and efforts to
improve living conditions for the poor in cities.
The Progressive Era (1890-1920)
■Around the 1890s, the Social
Gospel movement inspired many
middle-class white Christians to
clean up social problems caused
by Gilded Age industrialism:
–Reforms included improving
living conditions in urban slums,
child labor, factory safety,
women’s rights, alcohol abuse,
& political corruption
History of Standard
Muckraking Journalism
The Jungle led
Oil helped push for
■New
“muckraking”
journalism
the gov’t to
the
break-up
of
pass the Meat
monopolies
drew attention to social problems:
Inspection Act
–Popular magazines usedin 1906
investigative journalism & photos
–Ida Tarbell’s History of Standard
Oil revealed John Rockefeller’s
ruthless business practices
–Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle led
to inspections in meatpacking &
improved sanitation
Progressive Reform in the States
■ Progressives made state
governments more democratic:
–Initiatives—citizens (not
politicians) can put an issue on a
state ballot & vote to make laws
–Referendums—citizens vote on
an issue (such as tax increases)
suggested by state legislatures
–Recalls—citizens can remove an
elected official by popular vote
–17th amendment allowed for the
direct election of Senators
Progressive Reform in the States
■ Progressive presidents used the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act & the
Clayton Anti-Trust Act to break-up
monopolies & created laws to
regulate industries like the railroads
■ President Teddy Roosevelt thought
monopolies (trusts)
were OK but needed
to be regulated to
avoid corrupt
business practices
Jane
Addams’
Hull House in Chicago
Women
Progressives
■ Some of the 1st reformers were
educated, middle-class women:
–Jane Addams created a settlement
house in Chicago to give medicine,
baths, & food to poor men in slums
–Women led the movement to pass
the 18th Amendment which
outlawed alcohol (prohibition)
–Their greatest success came with
the 19th Amendment which gave
women the right to vote
African-American Progressives
■The condition of blacks
Plessy vin the
Jim CrowthLaws
Ferguson
(1896) poor:
early 20 century
remained
–80% lived in rural areas, most
as sharecroppers in the South
–Faced segregation & violence
■Niagara Movement (1905) led by
W.E.B. Du Bios led to the
formation of the National Assoc
for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP)
Investigative journalists who exposed
corruption and dangerous practices of the
nation’s businesses in the early 20th century:
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s
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The 19th amendment to the Constitution
allowed for
1. direct election of U.S.
senators.
2. women's suffrage.
3. term limits for the
presidency.
4. separate but equal
public facilities.
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They supported governmental regulation, not
governmental ownership, of the nations
industries and resources:
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Progressives
Populists
Socialists
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This muckraking book exposed the unsanitary
practices in the meat packing industry
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The Jungle
The Pit
The Octopus
Looking Backward
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This was passed by Congress in 1890 in an
attempt to regulate big business:
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Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Monopoly Act
Kellogg-Briand Pact
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United States History Standard 14:
■ Explain America’s evolving relationship with
the world at the turn of the 20th century.
– Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the
west coast
– Describe the Spanish-American War, the war
in the Philippines, and the debate over
American expansionism
– Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as
reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the
Panama Canal
Reasons for U.S. Expansion
■ Before 1890, U.S. expansion was
focused on Manifest Destiny
■ Expansion after 1890s was different
–Industrialism made Americans
want more naval bases & markets
in major trade routes
–Social Darwinism pressured
whites to “civilize” the world
through democracy & Christianity
–Europeans were imperializing so
Americans felt pressure to as well
American Imperialism:
From 1867 to 1899, the USA bought Alaska
from Russia, annexed Hawaii, & declared an
Open Door Policy (free trade) in China
Spanish-American
Warhad
(1898)
Americans
always
wanted to annex
■ The key event in Cuba,
U.S. foreign
policy
but President
was the Spanish-American
War to
McKinley promised
help independence
(not take)
■ When Cuba declared
Cuba
from Spain, the USA was
not
involved, until:
–American newspapers used
sensationalist “yellow journalism”
to boost sympathy for Cubans
–In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to
protect U.S. interests in Cuba,
exploded in Havana harbor
Spanish-American War was fought in
2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines
Even the elite joined:
Teddy Roosevelt led the
Rough Riders in Cuba
“What a splendid little war.”
—John Hay, Secretary of State
under President McKinley
The war lasted only 113 days &
resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from
disease, only 379 died in battle)
Effects of the Spanish-American War
■ When the war ended, the USA was seen
as a world power & gained Puerto Rico,
the Philippines, many Pacific islands
U.S. Dominance in Latin America
■ Teddy Roosevelt used “big stick”
diplomacy to accomplish U.S. goals
–Supported a revolution against
Colombia to build the Panama
Canal
–When opened in 1914, the canal
gave the USA a huge economic
advantage in the Western
Hemisphere
U.S. Dominance in Latin America
■He issued Roosevelt Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine claiming
“police powers” to protect Latin
America:
–Roosevelt warned Europeans
to stay out AND warned Latin
Americans to be more
responsible OR the U.S. would
intervene
Who did American newspapers blame for the
explosion on the USS Maine battleship that
began the Spanish-American War?
10
American businessmen
The Cubans
The Spanish
The British
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Against what country did the
U.S. declare war in 1898?
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Cuba
Spain
Philippines
France
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Who won the Spanish-American War?
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How did the United States gain control of the
land it needed to build the Panama Canal?
1. negotiating with
Columbia.
2. buying Panama from
Columbia.
3. Winning the SpanishAmerican War.
4. encouraging a
revolution in Panama.
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The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine said that the United States would
protect which part of the world?
Europe
Africa
Latin America
Canada
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United States History Standard 15:
■ Analyze the origins and impact of U.S.
involvement in World War I
– Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality
to engagement in World War I, with reference
to unrestricted submarine warfare
– Explain the domestic impact of World War I
and the Great Migration
– Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the
proposed League of Nations
– Describe passage of the 18th Amendment,
(creation of Prohibition) and the 19th
Amendment (establishing woman suffrage)
World War I
■ World War I began among European
nations in 1914 because of:
–Militaries—everyone expanded
their armies & navies so no one
would mess with them
–Alliances—countries signed
treaties to help each other
–Imperialism—industrial nations
competed for the same colonies
–Nationalism—Some people
wanted to form new countries
On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz
Outbreak
of
World
War
I
Ferdinand was assassinated by
members of a Serbian terrorist group;
this led to the outbreak of WWI
The Fight Starts
■Germany invaded Belgium, a
neutral country, and ally of Great
Britain.
The Fight Starts
■Germany initiated the Schlieffen
Plan which strategized a holding
action against Russia, while trying
to catch the rest of Europe off
guard by quickly invading Belguim
on the way to Paris, France.
Schlieffen Plan
The Fight Starts
■Great Britain immediately
declares war on Germany and
Germany's ally Austria-Hungary.
Europe
Europeduring
beforethe
thewar
war
The
TheAllied
Eastern
Powers
Front
The Western Front
WW1
is
a
two-front
war
because
Germany
The has
Central
Powers
to fight the Allies on both sides
New, industrial weapons made this an unexpectedly
deadly war which neither side seemed able to win
Both the Allies & Central Powers used total war by
converting industrial factories to make war supplies,
drafted men to fight, used propaganda, & rationed
necessary goods in order to win
New Weapons (technology and
types of Warfare)
■Trench warfare- trenches were
dug on both sides and both allies
and central powers fought for an
advantage. Only 7 yards of
ground changed hands w/ a final
casualty of over 1.2 m.
Trench Warfare
Technology at War
■Both sides used new technology
to attack more soldiers from
greater distances.
■Machine Guns
■Airplanes and Airships
■Poison Gas/ Gas Masks
■Tanks
■Submarines and U-Boats
The War at Home
■ Espionage and Sedition Acts■ A person could be fined up to $10,00
and sentenced to 20 years in jail for
interfering with the war effort for
saying anything disloyal, profane, or
abusive about the war effort.
■ This clearly violated the 1st
amendment, but there were nearly
2,000 prosecutions.
The USA enters WWI
■ When war was declared in Europe
in 1914, President Wilson declared
American neutrality; But the USA
joined the war in 1917 due to:
–German unrestricted submarine
warfare & violation of free trade
–Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico
–Wilson hoped to “make the world
safe for democracy”
■ The USA provided badly needed
troops & supplies to the Allies
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
■Unrestricted submarine warfare
is a type of naval warfare in which
submarines sink vessels such as
freighters and tankers without
warning.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
■ Unrestricted submarine warfare was first introduced in World
War I in early 1915, when Germany declared the area around
the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships,
including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by
the German navy. A string of attacks on merchant ships
followed, culminating in the sinking of the British ship
Lusitania by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. Although the
Lusitania was a British ship and it was carrying a supply of
munitions—Germany used these two facts to justify the
attack—it was principally a passenger ship, and the 1,201
people who drowned in its sinking included 128 Americans.
The incident prompted U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to
send a strongly worded note to the German government
demanding an end to German attacks against unarmed
merchant ships. The German navy was persuaded to
suspend U-boat warfare altogether.
U-Boat or German Submarine
Germany used “u-boats” to blockade
England; sank many American ships
“The Flag of Liberty represents us all”
“Emotional”
Wartime
Propaganda
Which groups are these posters targeting?
A Bureaucratic War
■To coordinate the war effort, 5,000
new gov’t agencies were created
–War Industries Board (WIB)
Imposed
“gasless”
days
&
shut
down
oversaw
all
factories,
decided
factories for days to divert or conserve fuel
priorities, & fixed prices
–Food Admin supplied food to
soldiers by appealing to civilians
–Fuel
Admin
rationed
coal
&
oil
Asked for a spirit of self-sacrifice, imposed
–RR &
Admin,
War days
Shipping
Board,
“meatless”
“wheatless”
& encouraged
Americans
to plantBoard
“victoryhelped
gardens”move
& War Trade
resources to troops
New bureaucracies were created to mobilize
America for participation in World War 1
Workers in the War
■ Because America needed more
workers, women were able to betterpaying jobs & many Southern blacks
moved north for industrial jobs
How was WW1 a “world war”?
Russia was devastated by WWI, Vladimir Lenin
& the Bolsheviks overthrew the gov’t & made
Russia the world’s first Communist government
Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations
■When WWI ended, U.S. president
Wilson presented Fourteen Points
–Wanted new nations formed out
of Germany & Austria-Hungary
–Wanted freedom
of the seas &
weaker militaries
–Wanted a
League of
Nations to solve
future problems
The Treaty of Versailles
■ President Wilson compromised many of
his Fourteen Points to get a treaty as
long as a League of Nations was created
■ The treaty was harsh on Germany & led
to the outbreak of World War 2 in 1939
Europe
Europebefore
after the
the war
war
New
countries!
Divided empires!
New countries!
New countries!
New countries!
New countries!
Divided empires!
New countries!
Russia turns
Communist (USSR)
The USA never signed the treaty or joined the League
of Nations because “strong reservationists” &
“irreconcilables” in the Senate were afraid joining the
League would pull the USA into future European wars
Which term best describes American
non-involvement in world affairs before
World War 1
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1. imperialism
2. isolationism
3. territorialism
4. mercantilism
In 1914, the Central Powers included
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1. Germany, Italy, and
Austria-Hungary.
2. Britain, France, and
Russia.
3. Britain, France, and
United States.
4. Switzerland, Turkey,
and Romania.
The gathering of resources and the
preparation of war is called:
nationalism
propaganda
armistice
mobilization
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Which event was most responsible in bringing
the United States into World War I?
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1. German unrestricted
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submarine warfare.
2. formation of a system of
European alliances.
3. proclamation of the Fourteen
Points.
4. assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
In 1915, 128 Americans died as a result of the
German submarine attack of:
Titanic
Maine
Chesapeake
Lusitania
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Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan at the end
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Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Versailles
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The “irreconcilables” and “strong
reservationists” in the U.S. Senate opposed U.S.
membership in the League of Nations because:
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1. It would lead to a world-wide
economic depression
2. It would hurt the United States
economy
3. It would violate Wilson’s
Fourteen Points
4. It would drag the USA into
future European conflicts