Transcript Operation DENY FLIGHT

Airpower in the Post
Cold War
1
Overview I
• Gulf War Background
• The Enemy
• The Plan of Attack
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Objectives
Concept of Operations
Five Strategic Rings
Targets
Phases of the Campaign
• Operations PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN
WATCH
– The Conflict and Lessons Learned
2
Overview II
• Operation SOUTHERN WATCH
– The Conflict and Lessons Learned
• Operations PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE
– The Conflict and Lessons Learned
• History of the Balkans
– Background
– Ethnic Groups
3
Overview III
• Operation DENY FLIGHT
– The Conflict and Lessons Learned
• Operation ALLIED FORCE
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Background
NATO Actions
Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins
Lessons learned by US Military
Political Lessons Learned
Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget
• Evolution of Airpower
4
Gulf War Background
• Conflict began 2 August 1990
• Iraq and Kuwait could not settle
grievances over oil
• Saddam Hussein sent armies to
invade Kuwait
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US Objectives
• Immediate, complete, and unconditional
withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait
• Restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government
• Security and stability of Saudi Arabia and the
Persian Gulf
• Protection of American citizens abroad
6
Operation DESERT SHIELD
• CENTCOM CINC—Army Gen H.
Norman Schwarzkopf
– CENTAF Lt Gen Charles A. Horner
• Became JFACC during the war
• In first 5 days:
– Five fighter squadrons, contingent of
AWACS, and part of 82d Airborne Division
– Equaled Iraqi force in first 35 days
• Air Reserves/Air National Guard called
to active duty
7
DESERT STORM Begins
• 16 Jan—An 11th-hour
appeal for Iraqi withdrawal
from Kuwait drew silence
• 17 Jan—Operation DESERT
STORM began as allied
forces answered Iraq’s
silence
• Within 10 days, air sorties
reached the 10,000 mark
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Iraqi Threat
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4th largest armed force in world
Well over 1 million troops
750 combat and 200 support aircraft
Nuclear, biological, and chemical capabilities
SCUD Missiles
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Air Defense Threat
• Iraq’s air defense system thought to be the best
outside of the Soviet Union
• United States was
probably the only nation in
the world with the
airpower to “disintegrate”
an integrated system of
this type
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Objectives
• Isolate and incapacitate Iraqi command
structure
• Win air superiority
• Destroy nuclear, biological, and chemical
capabilities
• Eliminate Iraqi offensive military capability
• Eject Iraqi Army from Kuwait
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Boyd 2 Video
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Concept Of Operations
• Powerful and focused air
attacks on strategic centers of
gravity over a short period of
time
– Target Hussein Regime, not Iraqi
people
– Minimize civilian casualties and
collateral damage
– Minimize Coalition losses
– Pit US and Coalition strengths
against Iraqi weaknesses
13
Instant Thunder
• Developed by Colonel
John Warden and his
Checkmate staff in
Washington
– Named in direct response to
Vietnam’s unsuccessful
Rolling Thunder campaign
• Based on a unique fivering model of the modern
nation-state
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The Five Strategic Rings
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Target Systems
Leadership
System
Essentials
Infrastructure
Population Fielded
Forces
Hussein Regime
Electricity
Railroads
Oil
Bridges
Strategic
Psyops
Destroy
Strategic Air
Defense
- Iraqis
Incapacitate Telecommunications
- Civil
- Military
- Only internal
distribution and
storage, not
production
export capability
- Foreign
workers
Destroy
Strategic
Offense
- Bombers
- Missiles
Damage Internal Nuclear
Control Org.
Biological
Chemical
Research Facility
Tactical
Psyops
- Soldiers
in Kuwait
Republican
Guard
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Horner 2 Video
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Campaign Overview
• Four Part Campaign:
– Phase I: Strategic Air Campaign
– Phase II: Suppression of enemy Air
Defenses over Kuwait vicinity
– Phase III: Air Attacks on ground
forces in Kuwait and vicinity
– Phase IV: Ground Operations as
directed
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And in the end…
• On 27 Feb 1991, the Iraqi
military was scattered and
defeated
– Iraq lost 90 aircraft to coalition
forces
– 122 Iraqi aircraft fled to Iran
• Stealth provided the needed edge
• The Persian Gulf War officially
ended on 11 Apr 1991
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Post-Desert Storm Video
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The Crisis in Iraq—ONW
• UN Security Council established a no-fly zone over
northern Iraq to protect the Kurdish people from
attacks by Saddam Hussein
• Operation Provide Comfort began on 5 Apr 1991 as a
humanitarian relief effort to deliver food, clothing,
and supplies to Iraq’s Kurdish refugees
• C-130s began airdropping supplies on 7 Apr 1991
• Lasted approximately 8 years and was then
replaced by Operation NORTHERN
WATCH
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The Crisis in Iraq: Lessons
Learned—ONW
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The need to avoid fratricide
The limitations of airdrops
Host-country tensions
The need for alternate bases
Lack of an exit strategy
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The Crisis in Iraq—OSW
• OSW was a Combined Task Force enforcing the “no-fly zone”
below the 32nd parallel (extended to 33rd in 1996) in southern
Iraq
• Not an aggression against Iraq—executed as a self-defense
measure
• Coalition partners included the US, UK, France, Saudi Arabia,
and Kuwait
• Fire from more than 850 Iraqi SAMs and
AAAs directed at coalition aircraft
• Iraq violated the no-fly zone more than
160
times
• More than 150,000 USAF sorties by 1998
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“What we’ve effectively done since 1992
is conduct an air occupation of a
country…”
General Ronald R. Fogleman
Jul 1995
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The Crisis in Iraq: Lessons
Learned—OSW
• Became a test for USAF AEF concept in Oct
1995
• Quality-of-life changes needed due to high
Ops-Tempo
• Reorganized Security Forces
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The Crisis in Somalia
• In mid-1992, drought and civil war devastated
Somalia
• Food supplies became a weapon of war
• Operation PROVIDE RELIEF began by the United
States on 22 Aug 1992 to deliver food to Somali
refugees
• Military and civilian aircraft used
• Over 2,000 sorties, carrying 48,162 metric tons of
food
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The Crisis in Somalia
• Although a humanitarian effort:
– 44 American soldiers lost their lives
– 175 were injured or wounded
• Danger of failure due to warlord interference
• Operation Restore Hope
– Coalition peacekeeping operation from 9 Dec 1992
to 4 May 1993
– First test of Rapid Global Mobility
from the CONUS
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The Crisis in Somalia: Lessons
Learned
• First large scale test of newly formed AMC
and the Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC)
• Difficulties evolved in the planning,
coordinating, and managing the operation
• Austere infrastructure of Somalia added to lack
of adequate bases for strategic airlift aircraft
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The Balkans: A Brief History
• After World War II, monarchy abolished;
Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed the
country the Federal People's Republic of
Yugoslavia, with himself as prime Minister
• Eliminating opposition, the Tito gov’t executed
Mihajlovic in 1946 Tito died in 1980, and the
fragility of the federation he ruled quickly
became apparent
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Three Ethnic Groups In Conflict
• Serbs—Dominant in Yugoslavia's politics and
army, orthodox Christianity makes them
natural allies of Russia
• Croats—Roman Catholics, closer to the West
than Serbs and exposed to Western Influences
• Muslims—Living mainly in ethnically mixed
towns and cities in Bosnia-Herzegovina
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Operation DENY FLIGHT
• Oct 1992, UN Security Council Resolution 781 established a
no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Operation DENY FLIGHT
– Enforced the no-fly zone
– Provided close air support to UN troops
– Conducted approved air strikes under a
dual-key command arrangement with the
UN
• 28 Feb 1994, NATO aircraft shot down
four warplanes violating the no-fly zone
over Bosnia-Herzegovina
– This was the first military engagement ever
undertaken by the Alliance
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Operation DENY FLIGHT
• NATO objectives
– Bosnian Serb compliance to cease attacks on Sarajevo and
other safe areas
– Withdrawal of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons from the total
exclusion zone around Sarajevo
– Complete freedom of movement for UN Forces and
personnel, and nongovernment officials
– Unrestricted use of Sarajevo airport
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Operation DENY FLIGHT
• NATO missions of Operation DENY FLIGHT
– To conduct aerial monitoring and enforce compliance with
UN Security Council Resolution 816
– To provide close air support for UN troops on the ground at
the request of, and controlled by, UN forces
– To conduct approved air strikes against designated targets
threatening the security of the UN-declared safe areas
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Operation DENY FLIGHT
• Operation DENY FLIGHT lasted from 12 Apr 199320 Dec 1995
– Almost 100,000 sorties flown
• A formal closure ceremony was held in Vicenza, Italy
on 21 Dec 1995
– Forces associated with Operation DENY FLIGHT were
then transferred to Operation DECISIVE ENDEAVOR as
part of the overall NATO operation JOINT ENDEAVOR.
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The Crisis in Bosnia: Lessons
Learned
• Lack of doctrine
• Tactical air and space power problems
• Bases weren’t large enough to accept the
contingency surges
• Coalition/Joint problems
• Technological problems
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KOSOVO
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Kosovo Crisis
• Kosovo lies in southern Serbia and has a
mixed population, the majority of which are
ethnic Albanians (Muslims)
• Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic altered the
status of the region, removing its autonomy
and bringing it under the direct control of
Belgrade, the Serbian capital
• The Kosovar Albanians strenuously opposed
the move
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United States & NATO Interests
at Stake
• Serb aggression threatened peace throughout
the Balkans and the stability of NATO’s SE
region
• Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a
humanitarian crisis of staggering proportions
• President Milosevic’s conduct directly
challenged the credibility of NATO
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NATO Action
• After the failure of repeated international diplomatic
efforts since the spring of 1998 to peacefully resolve
the conflict in Kosovo
• North Atlantic Council decided on
23 March 1999 to authorize NATO
air strikes
• Aimed at strategic targets in the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia to end the repression of Kosovar
Albanians by the Yugoslav government
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NATO’s Objectives
1. A stop to all military action and the
immediate ending of violence and repression
2. The withdrawal from Kosovo of the military,
police, and paramilitary forces
3. The stationing in Kosovo of an international
military presence
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NATO’s Objectives (cont’d)
4. The unconditional and safe return of all
refugees and displaced persons
5. Establish political framework agreement for
Kosovo in conformity with international law
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NATO’s Strategic Objectives
• Demonstrate the seriousness of
their opposition to Belgrade’s
aggression in the Balkans
• Deter Milosevic’s attacks on
helpless civilians, and reverse
ethnic cleansing
• Damage Serbia’s capacity to wage
war against Kosovo
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Military Objective
“Degrade and damage the military and
security structure President Milosevic has
used to depopulate and destroy the Albanian
majority in Kosovo.”
William Cohen, SECDEF
15 April 1999
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Lessons Learned on Kosovo War Objectives
US Grand Strategy
•
Maintain a peaceful,
prosperous US-led Europe
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Convince NATO to
transition from old Cold
War common defense
against external threats to
new Continental security
coalition
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Persuade NATO to acquire
means and will to conduct
out of area military ops
European Strategy
Kosovo War Aims
•
Stop the Serbian
slaughter and
expulsion of ethnic
Albanians
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Remove Milosevic
from power
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Accomplish the
above with minimal
collateral damage
and NATO casualties
•
Maintain a peaceful,
prosperous, and
independent Europe
•
Prevent spillover into
Albania and Macedonia,
then to Greece and Turkey
•
Maintain NATO
relationship with Russia
and give it a role in
helping end the crisis
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Demonstrate European
unity
Common Effort Concealed Widely Differing Objectives
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Lessons Learned by US Military
• United States air refuelers were stretched thin during operation
• Force structure numbers and resources were inadequate for
current level of commitments (all services); support and
training as important to victory as strike
• Older platforms with smart weapons may be seen as good
enough; smart weapons may be better than smart platforms
• Need the right force structure for the future
• C4ISR is currently the weakest link in joint and coalition ops
• On the brink of another “hollow force”
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Political Lessons Learned by
Europeans
• Militarily, Europe remains dependent on
Americans
– Best technology, weapons, and platforms “Made in USA.”
– Politicians unwilling to pay the cost of matching unique US
capabilities
• United States cannot always be counted on to
serve the Alliance’s interests
– US focus shifted with opinion polls
– Fear US commitment could falter if US forces take heavy
casualties
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More Political Lessons Learned by
Europeans
• European Union can provide diplomatic muscle (Martti
Ahtisaari saves the day); many foreign policy interests are
similar among EU Nations
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Threat of rising Islamic
fundamentalism
Humanitarian (ethnic cleansing)
Need to build external identity
• Europe can overcome internal diversity to maintain cohesion
– German Luftwaffe conducted first combat missions since 1945
– Greece provided logistical support despite popular opposition
– Italy and France (which have Communist ministers) offered air bases
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Impact of Kosovo Lessons Learned
on Future DOD Budget Trends
• No DOD/Allied spending surge like postDesert Storm
• International defense market continues to
shrink
• Readiness and retention will increasingly
consume $$$$ for modernization
• Inevitable tax cut legislation will further
erode DOD budgets
• Services must eventually deal with the bow
wave
• Old platforms with smart weapons were “We have to make a trade between
good enough
smart weapons and platforms...We
• Congress may balk at big bills for new
need to encourage the services to
platforms (JSF, F-22, CVX, DD-21)
concentrate more on smart
• Support forces will need big $$$$ too
weapons.”
Jacques Gansler
Former Under Secretary of
Defense for Acquisition,
Technology, and Logistics
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Evolution of Airpower
• So, what have we learned?
– What were significant airpower achievements
and changes during this period?
– What was the impact of these achievements and
changes?
Summary I
• Gulf War Background
• The Enemy
• The Plan of Attack
–
–
–
–
–
Objectives
Concept of Operations
Five Strategic Rings
Targets
Phases of the Campaign
• Operations PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN
WATCH
– The Conflict and Lessons Learned
51
Summary II
• Operation SOUTHERN WATCH
– The Conflict and Lessons Learned
• Operations PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE
– The Conflict and Lessons Learned
• History of the Balkans
– Background
– Ethnic Groups
52
Summary III
• Operation DENY FLIGHT
– The Conflict and Lessons Learned
• Operation ALLIED FORCE
–
–
–
–
–
–
Background
NATO Actions
Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins
Lessons learned by US Military
Political Lessons Learned
Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget
• Evolution of Airpower
53