Transcript Your Body Systems

Body Blitz
an overview of human body systems
• Most of these slides were created by H. Leonard
•
modified by E. Anderson
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In addition to this slide show, study
HBS 1-page Review
HBS 1 Page Review
HBS 1 Page Review
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LEVELS of ORGANIZATION (from simplest to most complex) Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Organ Systems
HOMEOSTASIS: staying the same--tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment, e.g. not too hot or cold.
REGULATION: how your body keeps homeostasis—self-regulating adjustments, e.g. sweats when getting hot, shivers when getting cold.
ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Integumentary
Description: Body covering. Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands.
Function: protect underlying tissues and regulate body temperature

largest organ of the body

Perspiration (sweat) cools body when water evaporates from skin.
2. Skeletal
Description: Bones, ligaments, cartilage
Function: Support, movement, protection, and production of blood cells

Bones are ALIVE.

Help in movement and support, also protection

Blood cells are made in bone marrow
3. Muscular
Description: Muscles of the body
Function: Movement, maintenance of posture, production of body heat

Voluntary muscles are connected to bones (skeletal)

Muscles of internal organs are not connected to skeleton

Actively contract (shorten), passively relax (lengthen)

Brain sends nerve signals to control movement

Skeletal muscles help pump blood back to the heart.
4. Nervous
Description: Brain, spinal cord, nerves through the body
Function: Communication throughout body, mental activities, maintaining homeostasis

Brain is control center of all body activities

Sends and receives signals to and from body

Neuron = nerve cell made of axon, dendrites, terminal branches, cell body

Nerve is an organized bunch of neurons

Some nerves bring signals from sensors (e.g. touch or heat or light) to brain; other nerves send signals from brain or
spinal cord to muscles.

Synapse is a gap between neurons.
5. Endocrine
Description: Ductless glands, e.g. pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus
Function: Secretion of hormones, chemical communication between body parts
6. Digestive
Description: Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, and many
glands including the pancreas
Function: Breakdown of food into molecules that can be absorbed by blood.

Mechanical digestion: teeth/ stomach muscles

Chemical digestion: saliva/ stomach acids/ enzymes of small intestine

Most food absorption is from the small intestine

(After absorption, blood vessels carry blood with nutrients to body parts)

In large intestine (colon), water is reabsorbed

Stomach is lined with mucus to protect from acid damage

Peristalsis- movement of food by muscles in esophagus

Large intestine:
absorbs too much water = constipation
absorbs too little water = diarrhea
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What is a system?
• An organized collection of parts that function
together to do something greater than all the
separate parts could do.
• Examples: a toaster, ...
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Human Body Systems
THE
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER
WAY
Digestive
Respiratory
Integumentary
Immune
Lymphatic
Muscular
Circulatory or Cardiovascular
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Excretory or Urinary
Reproductive
• And Levels of Organization
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Human Body Systems
This slide presentation is meant to help you study the major
systems of the human body.
You can find a copy in the Human Body Systems section of my
website.
Use it as an introduction or as a review. Follow the instructions
as you move along to explore and learn. You can go through the
entire program slide by slide, or skip to focus on any one system.
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http://www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg
Believe it or not,
you are organized!
At least your body is.
The main levels of organization are…
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and You (the Organism).
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How can you access and use this
slide presentation?
What are the 4 levels of
organization shown here?
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1
2
3
Predict the next lower level and the next higher.
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Levels of Organization
The Human Body has several “layers” of organization beginning with the
simplest and becoming more complex.
Answers to previous slide: 1cell, 2tissue, 3organ (small intestine), 4organ system.
http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/levels.jpg
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Here They Are: Your Body Systems (Part 1).
Don’t
blush;
it’s only
skin!
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(musculoskeletal)
(hormone) (cardiovascular)
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif
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Your Body Systems (Part 2)
•
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/lect_19.htm
=excretory
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Digestive System
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What does your digestive system do?
(3 functions)
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Your Digestive System is an
efficient disassembly line.
1... breaks down food
into molecules the
body can absorb.
2…passes these
molecules into the
blood to be carried
throughout the body.
3…eliminates solid
wastes from the body.
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mouth
Parts of Your
Digestive System
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• What do the parts add up to?
Now for the
Digestive
Journey
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Cross Section of your small
intestine
The villi add surface area to increase absorption of food and
nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small
intestines, and on the right you see 1 villus with its blood
capillaries.
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Why is a large surface area important?
• Chemistry happens when surfaces contact.
– Think of examples.
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Where does the gas come from?
•We don’t digest food
completely by
ourselves.
•Bacteria and fungi
live in our intestines
and digest the rest for
us, as well as for
themselves! (E. coli,
for example)
•These microbes that
we depend on have
their own wastes, e.g.
methane and
hydrogen sulfide.
Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Respiratory System
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What does your respiratory system do?
•takes in air from
outside your body
–removes some oxygen to
give to your body
–adds carbon dioxide and
water (wastes from your
body)
•sends out the altered
air
•This image shows all the tiny
bronchioles that increase surface
area in the alveoli for gas exchange.
•Why is high surface area
important?
•C H A S
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mouth and nose
trachea
bronchi
alveoli
blood
organs
blood
alveoli
bronchi
trachea
mouth and nose
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How You Breathe 1: The Diaphragm
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How You Breathe 2: The Alveoli
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The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems:
Working Together.
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How The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems Work Together
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Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most
commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be
Web Sources and Resources
caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances.
www.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html
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Effects of smoking: black gummy build-up,
increased chance of lung cancer
non-smoker
smoker
There are MANY forms of cancer, some deadly, others not so dangerous.
Please note that not all cancers are caused by bad habits.
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X-Rays can help detect lung cancer.
Surgery, radiation, and drugs (chemotherapy) are
some treatments for the disease.
Web Sources and Resources
www.smm.org/heart/lessons/ lesson11.htm
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Please Take Care of Your
Lungs and Don’t Smoke
Web Sources and Resources:
Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Integumentary System
(It’s Your Skin!)
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What does skin do?
• prevents the loss of water
• protects the body from
injury and infection
• regulates body temperature
• eliminates wastes
• gathers information about
the environment
• produces vitamin D
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Parts of
Your
Skin
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Skin Anatomy
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What is Botox?
•a protein from botulism
toxin
•injected into a muscle to
cause temporary (months)
paralysis
• This helps prevent the
appearance of wrinkles.
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With Botox, will everyone look the
same? What do you think?
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Immune System
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What does your immune system do?
What are some of its parts?
•protects you from
foreign invaders
• Special cells react to
each kind of pathogen
with a defense
targeted specifically at
that pathogen.
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http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
Your Immune System Has Many
Specialized Cells!
White blood cells that
target specific pathogens
are called lymphocytes.
There are two major kinds
of lymphocytes—T cells and
B cells.
A major function of T cells
is to identify pathogens by
recognizing their antigens.
Antigens are molecules
that the immune system
recognizes as either part of
your body, or as coming
from outside your body. B
cells produce chemicals
called antibodies.
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How Your Immune System Works
Our immune system
protects us against
threats. These include
viruses, bacteria and
parasites causing
infectious diseases, from
ordinary flu to full-blown
malaria. The white blood
cells of the defense
system are produced in
the marrow of our bones.
The cells are carried in the
blood to specialized
organs, where they
develop and communicate
to launch immune
responses against
infections.
•http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/i
ntroduction.html
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Lymphatic System
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The Functions of Your
Lymphatic System
Your lymphatic system and the
cardiovascular system are closely related
structures that are joined by a capillary
system. The lymphatic system is
important to the body's defense
mechanisms. It filters out organisms that
cause disease, produces certain white
blood cells and generates antibodies. It is
also important for the distribution of
fluids and nutrients in the body, because
it drains excess fluids and protein so that
tissues do not swell up.
http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/node_p2.gif
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Muscular System
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What are the types of muscle
tissue?
Your body has three types of muscle
tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle,
and cardiac muscle.
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Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles are
attached to the bones of
your skeleton. Because
you have conscious control
of skeletal muscles, they
are classified as voluntary
muscles. These muscles
provide the force that
moves your bones.
Skeletal muscles react
quickly and tire quickly. At
the end of a skeletal
muscle is a tendon. A
tendon is a strong
connective tissue that
attaches muscle to bone.
Note- ligaments connect
bones together.
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Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscles
are called
involuntary
muscles because
they work with
your conscious
effort.
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Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscles are involuntary
muscles found only in the heart.
Cardiac muscles are strong but
do not tire easily.
A Cardiac Muscle Cell
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Voluntary Muscles
The muscles that
are under your
direct control are
called voluntary
muscles. Smiling
and turning the
pages in a book
are actions of
voluntary
muscles.
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Involuntary Muscle Action
•colon
(smooth muscle)
•heart
(special cardiac muscle)
•both involuntary
•(automatic)
•not under your conscious control
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How Do Muscles Work?
Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter and
thicker. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend,
skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle
contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its
original length. For example, in order to move the lower
arm, the biceps muscle on the front of the upper arm
contracts to bend the elbow. This lifts the forearm and
hand. As the biceps contracts, the triceps on the back of
the upper arm returns to its original length. To straighten
the elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps
returns to its original length.
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Anatomy Of A Muscle
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skeletal
muscles
striated,
voluntary
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Some Major Voluntary Muscles
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Some Really Big Muscles!
And on to the Circulatory System.
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Circulatory System
= Cardiovascular System
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Your Circulatory System is Responsible for Delivering
and Removing Materials from Every Cell in Your Body
Web Sources and Resources
Usborne Human Body: Quicklinks
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Blood
Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen
from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide
from body tissue to the lungs.
Because it contains living cells, blood is alive.
Red blood cells and white blood cells are
responsible for nourishing, cleansing, and
protecting the body. Since the cells are alive,
they too need nourishment. Vitamins and
Minerals keep the blood healthy. The blood cells
have a definite life cycle, just as all living
organisms do.
Approximately 55 percent of blood is plasma, a
straw-colored clear liquid. The liquid plasma
carries the solid cells and the platelets which
help blood clot. Without blood platelets, you
would bleed to death.
When the human body loses a little bit of blood
through a minor wound, the platelets cause the
blood to clot so that the bleeding stops. Because
new blood is always being made inside of your
bones, the body can replace the lost blood. When
the human body loses a lot of blood through a
major wound, that blood has to be replaced
through a blood transfusion from other people.
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.
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Heart Dissections
Your Heart is a Very Muscular Organ!
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Artificial Hearts
The action of the artificial heart is entirely similar to the action of the natural heart.
There is, however, one huge difference: the natural heart is living muscle, while the
artificial heart is plastic, aluminum, and Dacron polyester. As a result, the artificial heart
needs some external source of "life." An external power system energizes and regulates
the pump through a system of compressed air hoses that enter the heart through the
chest. Since the system is cumbersome and open to infection, the use of an artificial
heart is meant to be temporary.
•http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/healthy/fake.html
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Cardiovascular = Circulatory
Next up:
Your Skeletal System
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Skeletal System
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What are your skeleton’s
functions?
1. provides shape and
support
2. enables you to move
3. protects your
internal organs
4. produces blood cells
5. stores certain
materials until your
body needs them
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The Structure of Bone
Many bones have the same basic structure. A thin, tough
membrane covers all of a bone except the ends. Blood
vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone through the
membrane. Beneath the membrane is a layer of compact
bone, which is hard and dense, but not solid. Small
canals run through the compact bone, carrying blood
vessels and nerves from the bone’s surface to the living
cells within the bone. Just inside the compact bone is a
layer of spongy bone, which has many small spaces
within it.
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Bone Anatomy
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Cartilage
Cartilage provides a
smooth surface between
bones or sometimes a
more flexible extension
of bone, as in the tip of
your nose. As an infant,
much of your skeleton
was cartilage. By the
time you stop growing,
most of the cartilage
will have been replaced
with hard bone tissue.
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Joints
A joint is a place in the body
where two bones come
together. Joints allow bones to
move in different ways.
Immovable joints connect
bones in a way that allows little
or no movement. Movable
joints allow the body to make a
wide range of movements.
Movable joints include balland- socket joints, pivot joints,
hinge joints, and gliding joints.
The bones in movable joints are
held together by a strong
connective tissue called a
ligament.
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Take Care of Your Bones!
A combination of a
balanced diet and regular
exercise can start you on
the way to a lifetime of
healthy bones. As people
become older, their bones
begin to lose some
minerals. Mineral loss can
lead to osteoporosis, a
condition in which the
body’s bones become weak
and break easily. Regular
exercise and a diet rich in
calcium can help prevent
osteoporosis.
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Do You Know Your Bones?
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What is osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a
disease in which bones
become fragile and
more likely to break. If
not prevented or if left
untreated,
osteoporosis can
progress painlessly
until a bone breaks.
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It’s on to the Nervous System
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Nervous System
Your nervous system receives information about what is
happening both inside and outside your body. It also directs
the way in which your body responds to this information. In
addition, the nervous system helps maintain homeostasis. A
stimulus is any change or signal in the environment that can
make an organism react
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Your Nervous System
Your nervous
system consists
of the central
and peripheral
systems. The
central
nervous system
(CNS),
includes the
brain and
spinal cord;
the peripheral
system includes
the nerves to
the rest of the
body.
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What Is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
Homeostasis is one of the fundamental characteristics of living
things. It refers to the maintenance of the internal environment
within tolerable limits. All sorts of factors affect the suitability of
our body fluids to sustain life; these include properties like
temperature, salinity, acidity, and the concentrations of nutrients
and wastes. Because these properties affect the chemical reactions
that keep us alive, we have built-in physiological mechanisms to
maintain them at desirable levels. When a change occurs in the
body, there are two general ways that the body can respond. In
negative feedback, the body responds in such a way as to reverse
the direction of change. Because this tends to keep things constant,
it allows us to maintain homeostasis. On the other hand, positive
feedback is also possible. This means that if a change occurs in
some variable, the response is to change that variable even more in
the same direction. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so it does not
result in homeostasis. Positive feedback is used in certain
situations where rapid change is desirable (see Positive Feedback
for an example).
To illustrate the components involved in negative feedback, we can
use the example of a driver trying to stay near the speed limit. The
desired value of a variable is called the set point. Here, the set
point is a speed of 55 mph; in controlling body temperature, the set
point would be 98.6 degrees. The control center is what monitors
the variable and compares it with the set point. Here, the control
center is the driver; for body temperature, it would be the
hypothalamus of the brain. If the variable differs from the set
point, the control center uses effectors to reverse the change. Here,
the effector is the foot on the accelerator pedal; in controlling body
temperature, it would include the glands that sweat and the
muscles that shiver.
ADJUSTING TO STAY WITHIN
LIMITS
Web Sources and Resources: http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
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What are neurons?
The cells that carry information through your nervous system
are called neurons, or nerve cells. The message that a neuron
carries is called a nerve impulse. A neuron has a large cell body
that contains the nucleus. The cell body has threadlike
extensions. One kind of extension, a dendrite, carries impulses
toward the cell body. An axon carries impulses away from the
cell body. Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve
fibers. A bundle of nerve fibers is called a nerve.
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The Anatomy of a Neuron
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A NEURON viewed under a electron
microscope. Can you locate the cell body,
axon, and dendrites?
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Your Central Nervous System- The
Brain and Spinal Cord
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Central & Peripheral Nervous
Systems Working Together
The yellow
parts are CNS
parts
and the purple
are parts of
your
peripheral
nervous
system.
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Reflexes: Some nerve signals go
only to the spinal cord and back.
The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to the above) is called a
monosynaptic reflex. This means that there is only 1 synapse in
the neural circuit needed to complete the reflex. It only takes
about 50 milliseconds of time between the tap and the start of the
leg kick...that is fast. The tap below the knee causes the thigh
muscle to stretch. Information is sent to the spinal cord. After one
synapse in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, the information is
sent back out to the muscle...and there you have the reflex.
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Your Brain- The Command Center
The human brain is a complex organ
that allows us to think, move, feel, see,
hear, taste, and smell. It controls our
body, receives information, analyzes
information, and stores information
(our memories).
The brain produces electrical signals,
which, together with chemical
reactions, let the parts of the body
communicate. Nerves send these
signals throughout the body.
The average human brain weighs about
3 pounds. At birth, the human brain
weighs less than a pound. As a child
grows, the number of cell remains
relatively stable, but the cells grow in
size and the number of connections
increases. The human brain reaches its
full size at about 6 years of age.
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Most nerve signals are interpreted by your
brain and motor nerves then carry out your
instructions.
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The Stroop Effect- Your Brain
Can Get Confused!
TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named
after J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this
strange phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is
your job: name the colors of the following
words. Do NOT read the words...rather, say
the color of the words. For example, for the
word BLUE, you should say "RED". Say the
colors as fast as you can. It is not as easy as
you might think!
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Where are the major 3 brain
sections?
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
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Your Brain Has Very
Complicated Anatomy All Its
Own!
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Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease attacks
the brain; it is not a normal
part of aging. People with AD
have a gradual memory loss
and difficulties with language
and emotions.
The progressive loss of
intellectual abilities is termed
dementia. As the disease
advances, the person may
need help in all aspects of life:
bathing, eating, and using the
restroom.
Because of this round-theclock care, families and
friends of people with AD are
greatly affected. The disease
is irreversible and there is
currently no cure.
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Ouch! In the movie MATRIX, Neo and the
others are plugged into the matrix through
their CNS !
(Central Nervous System)
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Your Senses Are Your Nervous System’s
Bridge to the Outside World
What are the five
senses?
Sight, Taste, Touch,
Hearing, Smell
Web Sources and Resources: Usborne Science Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a
collection of special organs in
the body that produce
hormones. These organs are
usually called the "glands."
They are located in different
parts of the body. For
example, the pituitary is in
the brain, the thyroid is in the
neck, the adrenal glands are
just alone the kidneys and the
sexual glands (ovaries and
testes) are located in the
sexual organs. Each gland
produces a hormone into the
blood, which travels all
through the body. Hormones
regulate our body activities,
for example growth, sleep,
sudden actions, feelings and
blood sugar for energy.
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DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents…
Your Excretory System =
Urinary System
Your excretory system collects wastes produced by
cells and removes these wastes from your body. The
removal process is known as excretion. The two
kidneys are the major organs of the excretory
system. The kidneys filter your blood and remove
urea, excess water, and some other waste materials
from your blood. Urea is a chemical that comes from
the breakdown of proteins. The filtering process
produces a watery fluid called urine. Each kidney
contains about a million nephrons.
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Your Excretory System
(also called Urinary System)
Web Sources and Resources:
Usborne Science Encyclopedia pg. 362 and Quicklink Images
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Kidney Tubules (Nephrons)
Urine Production
The kidneys regulate the body fluids, maintaining desirable
levels of acids and bases, salts, nutrients and wastes. Each
kidney is made up of over a million tiny tubes known as
nephrons, or kidney tubules. The tubules act in parallel to
filter the blood and produce the urine. As the blood filtrate
passes along the tubule, the composition of the fluid is
changed in complex ways. In some ways the tubule
resembles an industrial processing plant, and the cells
lining the walls of the tubule can be thought of as
technicians who modify the filtrate as it passes by. The first
step in urine production is called filtration. This occurs at
the glomerulus, which is really a ball of capillaries that
makes close contact with the end of the nephron. Driven
by the beating of the heart, blood plasma (the fluid
component of blood) is forced out of the capillaries and
into the nephron. Because this transfer occurs through
narrow spaces (represented by a sieve in the cartoon), the
larger molecules (mainly proteins) are left behind in the
blood. Blood cells (not shown in the cartoon) are many
times larger still, and are also left behind.
Finally, the tubule empties its contents into one of the many
collecting ducts. The urine now contains a concentrated
solution of whatever the body currently considers to be
"wastes." Water continues to be reabsorbed in the
collecting duct, so that little water is wasted in the process
of excretion (elimination of wastes). Finally, all the urine
collects together in the kidney and is passed out through
the ureter, and from there to the bladder.
Web Sources and Resources:http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
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Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are created
when certain substances in
urine -- including calcium and
uric acid -- crystallize and the
crystals clump together.
Usually, they form in the
center of the kidney, where
urine collects before flowing
into the ureter, the tube that
leads to the bladder. Small
stones are able to pass out of
the body in the urine and
often go completely
unnoticed. But larger stones
irritate and stretch the ureter
as they move toward the
bladder, causing excruciating
pain and blocking the flow of
urine. Rarely, a stone can be
as large as a golf ball, in
which case it remains lodged
in the kidney, creating a more
serious condition
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Slides to be added
•
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Themes and terms:
mechanical
chemical
surface area
peristalsis
coordinate (verb)
absorb
villi
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