Transcript Vertebrates PowerPoint

Vertebrates
Fish
Phylum Chordata
Vertebrates

Bilateral symmetry
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Endoskeleton (bones)
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Closed circulatory system
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Complex brains and sense organs
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Efficient respiratory systems
Fish
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Ectothermic
–cold blooded
–Body
temperature
same as
surroundings
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
A Bony
Fish
Lateral line system
Swim bladder
Kidney
Urinary bladder
Scales
Reproductive organ
Fins
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Heart Gills
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Protection by Deception
= Nervous system
Lateral line
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Reproduction
–External in most
–Female deposits eggs
–Male spreads sperm over eggs
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Respiration
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Gills
remove
oxygen
from water
by
diffusion
Gill Filaments
Water
Capillary networks
in filament
Artery
Vein
Water
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Fishes have two-chambered hearts
Aorta
Gills
Capillary
network
Heart
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Swim bladder, like balloon, lets air in or
out to keep fish at any level in the water.
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Vertebrates
Amphibians
Amphibians
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Ectothermic
– Cold-blooded
– Body temperature same as
surroundings
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Frogs and Toads
Digestion
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Mouth  esophagus  stomach 
small intestine  large intestine 
cloaca
Enzymes (proteins) in stomach digest
food
Liver makes bile
– Bile breaks down fats
– Stored in gall bladder
Nutrients absorbed in small intestine
Water absorbed in large intestine
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Excretion
– Kidneys filter wastes from blood.
– Wastes stored in bladder.
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Nervous
Sense of smell, sight, and
hearing
 Sense organs  nerves 
brain
 Tympanum – hearing
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MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Reproduction
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Sexual (requires egg and sperm)
Must have water
External fertilization
Eggs are laid and fertilized in water
Eggs do not have protective shell
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Metamorphosis
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Fertilized egg
Tadpole with gills
Tadpole with
limbs and gills
Young frog with
tail
Adult frog
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Eyes
A Frog
Tympanic membrane
Backbone
Fat bodies
Intestine
Tongue
Vocal cords
Lungs
Legs
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Respiration
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Diffusion through skin (main way)
Smooth skin must stay moist
Tadpoles in water have gills
Adults living on land have lungs
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Locomotion
– Appendages (parts attached to
body)
Support
– Skeleton
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Circulation
Threechambered
heart
 Left atrium,
right atrium,
one ventricle
O2 in →CO2 out
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O2 into cells →
CO2 out of cells
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Oxygen-rich
blood from lungs
enters left atrium.
Oxygen-poor blood from body
enters right atrium.
Blood mixed in ventricle and then
pumped to body and lungs.
Less efficient than a four
chambered heart.
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL
BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Vertebrates
Reptiles
Reptiles
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Ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Four Major Advantages Over Amphibians
1. Reptiles do not need water to keep
skin moist.
 They have dry skin with scales
 Reptiles can live away from water
 Increases number of places reptiles
can live
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
2. Reptile legs are under body.
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Better able to move on land.
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
3.
Internal
fertilization
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Egg is fertilized by
sperm inside female
Increases chance that
fertilization will happen
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MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
4. Reptiles can lay their eggs on
the land. They have an
amniotic egg.
Amnion
Shell
Chorion
Yolk
Alantois
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Amniote egg (Amniotic egg)
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Provides self-contained environment for
embryo
Covered by hard shell
Amnion – holds and cushions embryo
Yolk sac – food source
Allantois – wastes collected and stored
Chorion – exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Vertebrates
Birds
Birds
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Endothermic
– Warm-blooded
– Body temperature usually remains
about the same
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
The shape of a bird’s beak or bill
gives clues to the kind of food
the bird eats.
Insects
Seeds
Meat
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
What food is this bird adapted to
eat?
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
What food are these birds adapted to
eat?
Pelicans feeding on fish
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Digestion
Mouth
esophagus
crop
gizzard
intestine
cloaca
– Crop – stores food
– Gizzard –grinds food
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Rapid burning of food needed to
produce a lot of energy for flight.
Shape of beak
determines food source
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Excretion
Kidneys
 Filter uric acid from blood
 No bladder for storage of urine
 Solid and liquid excreted together
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MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Nervous
Brain
 Cerebrum – muscle control and
behavior
 Cerebellum – balance and
coordination
 Optic lobe – vision, very good
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MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Behavior
Territorial
 Defends nest
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Mating (Courtship behavior)
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Males use song, dance, and colorful
plumage (feathers) to attract
females.
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Ostrich Courtship
Bird Courtship
Migration
Movement of organisms from one
place to another and back again
 Movement in response to a stimulus
(length of day, weather, lack of food)

MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Migration
Nesting
Innate behavior
 Born knowing how to do

MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Nesting
Reproduction
Internal fertilization
 Amniotic egg

MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Respiration
Lungs and air sacs
 Air sacs provide
extra oxygen
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Trachea
Anterior air sacs
Lung
Anterior
air sacs
Posterior air sacs
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Support
Lightweight skeleton
 Hollow bones

MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Circulatory
Four-chambered
heart
most
efficient
Blood from body (little
oxygen) and lungs (a lot
of oxygen) not mixed.
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP.
796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Vertebrates
Mammals
Mammals
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Endothermic vertebrates
Circadian rhythms
– 24 hour (day and night) cycle of behavior
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Body hair
Nurse young
Four-chambered heart
Diaphragm for breathing
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847).
UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Intro to Mammals
Placental mammals
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Fully developed at birth
Protected and nursed by mothers
Gestation period
 Length of time for embryo to develop
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847).
UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Polar Bears
Development
 zygote 
embryo  fetus  newborn
(baby)
 Fertilization
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847).
UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Mammal behavior
Territorial
 Space to live, reproduce, and
find food
 Marked by scent
(pheromones)
 Defend against intruders
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847).
UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Hibernation
 Seek
shelter to survive cold
and lack of food
 Slow down body functions and
rely on stored fat
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847).
UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Grizzly Bear
Grey Wolves and Dominance Hierarchy
Communication
Scent-marking (pheromones)
 Visual display
 Sound

MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847).
UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
Extra Studying

The following chapters were cover in this
PowerPoint, but it may be to your benefit to go and
either read or re-read the follow chapters in your
text book for better understanding of the topics
covered in this PowerPoint.
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CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS.
CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS.
CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS.
Bibliography
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MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES
CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH
CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND
BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819).
UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.
MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE
HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). UPPER SADDLE RIVER,
N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.