Transcript Science Study Notes

© Andrew Newbound 2009
Unit 1
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Environment – All of the things around us
 Community – a group of organisms that
live in the same environment
 Habitat – Place where a plant or animal
lives
 Adaptation – Special features which
living things have that enable them to
survive in their environment

© Andrew Newbound 2009
Producer – Produce/Make food
 Consumer – Animal
 Herbivores – Eat plants
 Carnivore – Eat animals
 Omnivore – Eat plants and animals
 Predator – Animals which feeds on other
animals
 Prey – the animal which the predator
catches and eats

© Andrew Newbound 2009
Food chain – a series of organisms
showing feeding relationships
 Food webs – multiple food chains
 Respiration – combining food with
oxygen
 Greenhouse Effect – Atmospheric
heating caused by solar radiation being
trapped in the atmosphere

© Andrew Newbound 2009

It is basic to survival of every living thing
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Living environment
 All of the living things affecting the
survival of a species

© Andrew Newbound 2009
Non living environment
 All of the non living things affecting the
survival of a species

© Andrew Newbound 2009

A natural environment:
› maintains itself & provides the needs of the
animals and plants living there
› E.g. Lakes, rivers, rainforest

A human environment:
› Has been built by humans
› E.g. cities, schools, skyscrapers
© Andrew Newbound 2009
All of the living things in an area
 Ecological system
 Can be divided into parts:

› Living/biotic
› Non living/abiotic

Can be large (Earth) or small (rock pool)
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Animal/Plant Habitat
Adaptation
People
Cities
Technology, walk, hands
Anemones
Ocean
Go through seaweed without it sticking
Giraffe
Savannah Long neck to get food
Bats
Caves
Echolocation
Whales
Ocean
Air hole
Cacti
Desert
Spikes
Ducks
Ponds
Webbed feet
Seal
Ocean
Streamlined Body
Shark
Ocean
Camouflage
Polar bear
Polar caps Camouflage, fur
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Food is needed by all living things
› Because it contains energy
 Need energy to survive

Plants make own energy from the sun
› Extra food used to make plant grow

Food contains stored solar energy
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Animals eat plants to get energy
 Animals must eat ready made food
 Arrow shows which way food goes

© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Aren’t in Food chains
Top Level
Combining food with oxygen
 Opposite of photosynthesis

Glucose + Oxygen
V
Water + carbon dioxide +energy
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Done mainly by animals – only method
of getting energy
 Plants do it when there is little sunlight for
photosynthesis

© Andrew Newbound 2009
Energy In
Photosynthesis
Carbon
Dioxide and
Respiration
Water
Energy Out
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Glucose
and
Oxygen
© Andrew Newbound 2009
About ¾ of the air in the atmosphere is in
the troposphere
 The higher you go, the less air there is
 Troposphere – Weather
 Stratosphere – Stable, jets fly
 Ozone layer – Absorbs rays from sun

© Andrew Newbound 2009
What is in Our Atmosphere
Othere Gases
Oxygen
Nitrogen
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Moon – major cause of tides on Earth
 We would still have tides without the
moon because of the sun’s gravity

© Andrew Newbound 2009
Fire
 Vegetation
› Australian - Adapted
› May kill plant
 Seeds reproduce after fire opens them

Plants & animals
› Now essential to survival of many natural
ecosystems
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Flood
 Some ecosystems require it for existence
› E.g. Billabongs, swamps

Wash in nutrients
› Sustains community
Drought
 Many plants & animals adapted
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Adaptations of plants for fire
› Lots of seeds
› Produce seed pods
 Dormant until fire opens them up
› Branches burnt – tree survives
› Above ground dies – underground stays
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Adaptations of animals for fire
› Burrowing underground until fire passes
› Seeking unburnt areas for refuge
 E.g. creeks & gullies

Adaptations of plants for drought
› Short lived
› Seeds germinate when is rain
 Seeds coated with chemical – washed off by
rain
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Adaptations of plants for drought
› Roots
 Broad & shallow/Deep roots
› Leaves
 Hanging down
 Edges facing ground
 Hairy
 Small/rolled
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Unit 2
© Andrew Newbound 2009

1st electricity seen
› Lightning

Amber
› Fossilised tree sap - stone

Rubbed amber
› Magnetic – static electricity
Electricity & electron mean amber
 Static electricity

› E.g. balloon – hair
© Andrew Newbound 2009
All substances made up of atoms
 Positively charged particles – Protons
 Negatively charged particles – electrons
 Protons & electrons NOT equal

› Object charged
Opposite charges attract
 Same charges repel

© Andrew Newbound 2009

You become charged
› Walking on woollen carpet
› Using Vandegraph generator
Electric wires made from copper
 Free electrons

› Particles that move in a wire when electric
current flows

Circuit
› complete pathway for electricity to flow
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Electricity
› energy pushing electrons in circuit
Single path circuit – series/simple
 Multiple path circuit – parallel
 Resistance

› How well a material con conduct electricty
› Long piece of wire > shorter piece of wire
› Thin wire > thick wire
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Insulator
› Material NOT GOOD at carrying electricity

Conductor
› Material GOOD at carrying electricity

Coal
› Commonly used fossil fuel to carry electricity

Solar, Wind, Tidal – renewable energy
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Moving electricity – electric current
 Electricity can produce

› Light
› Heat
› Sound

Circuit – required by electricity
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Electricity
leaves
battery from
positive side
Electricity
returns on
the negative
side
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Lead
Closed Switch
Open Switch
Fuse
Globe
Ammeter
Volt Meter
Cell
Battery
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Series
› Electric current passes through every part
› 1 after the other

Parallel
› Current splits
› Portions go through each
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Charged attracts uncharged objects
 Becoming charged

› Losing electrons
› Gaining electrons
› Through a circuit

Power source forces electrons through
circuit
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Larger source, larger current
 Protocells & thermocouples

› Powered by light
© Andrew Newbound 2009




Made when materials rub together
More they rub, more electricity
Occurs in many NON METAL
Spark
› Formed when electrons jump for where there
are too many electrons to where there are too
few

Electroscope
› Used to detect an electric charge

Electric field
› Around objects with an electric charge
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Benjamin Franklin
› American statesman, author, printer &
inventor
› Discovered lightning was a form of electricity
 Kite in storm experiment

Myths About Electricity
› Gods made thunder – ancient civilisations
› Zeus – Greeks
› Thor – Vikings
© Andrew Newbound 2009

How Electricity Is Made
› Ice falling in thunder clouds is swept back up
› Ice rubbing together – lightning

Uses of Static Electricity
› Photocopiers
 Static on drum which attracts ink
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Magnets
› Push & pull each other
› Attract iron
› Made of alloy (mix of metals)
 Mostly iron
› Commonly used in
 Fridges
 Videos
 Computers
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Magnets
› Bar magnets
 Used in schools
 Must be stored correctly to keep magnetism
 Wood separates, iron keeper at end
› North Pole
 Points to Earth’s North pole
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Work on

› Iron, nickel, cobolt

e
› High iron content
Ends of magnet
› Poles


› Tiny part of magnet
› Align – magnetised
1st magnets
› Magnetite/loadston

Domain
Unlike – attract
Like – repel
© Andrew Newbound 2009
› Out of alignment
 Knocked
 Heated

Temporary magnet

› Not permanently a
magnet
› Touching magnet

Magnetic field lines
› Point to N pole


direction of magnet &
electric current
Lines in magnetic field
› Wide – weak
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Electric motor
› Continually changes
› Strongest at poles
› Close – strong
Magnetic field in wire
› Increased – coiling
› North to south

Free-swinging magnet

Generators work
› Moving wire in magnet
 Create current

Rely on magnetism
›
›
›
›
›
›

Speakers
CD readers
PC hard drives
Telephones
Fridges
Clothes driers
Maglev

› Magnet moving
 Pulses

 Repelling
electromagnets
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Telephone
› Convert sound waves
into electrical signal
› And back

› Kept above rails
Data on hard drive
Maglev
› Magnetic Levitation
› Moving
 Electromagnets in
guide way - attraction

Items that are magnetic
› Attract to magnet

Magnet
› Piece of iron/steel
› Attracts iron/steel

Material made of
› If attracts to magnet

Magnets originated
› Loadstone/Magnetite
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Strong magnet strokes object
› 1st time
– become magnetised
› 2nd and on – Become stronger
Arrows in material – domain
 Magnet stroke another material

› Domains align
› Becomes magnetic

Stroke paperclip with magnet
› Becomes magnet
© Andrew Newbound 2009

South compass end
› Attracts to North
end of magnet
› Repels South end of
magnet

Compass is
magnetic
› Points North

Free magnet
› Points North
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Earth is a magnet
› North pole
 Attracts N pole of
magnet
 South end of magnet
› South pole
 Attracts S pole of
magnet
 North end of magnet

Iron particles sprinkled around magnet
› Attract to magnet

Iron particles
› Single magnet
 Close around poles, wide elsewhere
› 2 North ends pointing towards each other
 Filings away from middle of poles
› North end towards South end
 In between magnets
› Show magnetic field
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Strongest

› Poles
› Attracting
› Iron filing – close

Magnets
Weakest
› Middle of magnet
› Iron filings – wide
© Andrew Newbound 2009
 Iron filings – between
› Repelling
 Iron Filings – not in

Domains

› Inside magnet
› Tiny crystals
› Make magnet
magnetic
Strong
Weak
Non magnetic
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Electromagnets
› Made of coil of wire
wrapped around
iron
› Electricity flows =
magnetic
› No electricity = no
magnet

Permanent magnet
› Always a magnet
› Molten metal
solidifying

Temporary magnet
› Sometimes a
magnet
› Stroking metal with
magnet
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Electromagnet
› Can be turned off
and on
› Electric current
running through
metal
Unit 3
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Respiratory
• Lungs
Skeletal
• Bones & Joints
Muscular
• Ligaments & Tendons
Digestive
• Stomach & Intestines
Excretory
• Kidney & Lungs
Circulatory
• Heart & Blood
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Digest food – body’s main fuel source
 Nutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins & minerals
 Pharynx – part of digestive & respiratory
 Liver – gests rid of poisons
 Rectum – stored faeces
 Irritable Bowel Syndrome

› When muscles in colon (large intestine) don’t
work at right speed
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Cystic Fibrosis
› Lungs & pancreas
› Thick mucus can’t get out of lungs
We swallow 2L of saliva per day
 Stomach acid – 2-3pH – 1 most acidic
 Proteins & carbs stay in stomach longest
 Gas – food contains air
 Vomit – membrane in stomach is irritated

© Andrew Newbound 2009

Human body needs
› Nutrients
› Oxygen
› Removal of waste

Pulmonary artery
› Carries blood from heart to lungs

Pulmonary Vein
› Carries blood from lungs to heart
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Right
Atrium
Left
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Left
Ventricle
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Blue blood – lacks oxygen
 Red blood – has oxygen
 Left ventricle bigger than right

› Pumps blood to whole body
Energy
Carbs
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Water
Oxygen
+
Glucose

Breathing in
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchiole
Mucous in oesophagus – lubricant
 Peristalsis – moves food down
oesophagus

© Andrew Newbound 2009
Alvieoli
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Room

› Temp - 20°C

Crust
› Around the outside
› 8-64km thick
› Rocks and soil – soil
on top
› Surface - 20 °C
› Deepest - 870 °C
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Mantle
› 2nd layer from
›
›
›
›
outside
2,800km thick
Solid rock
Upper - 870 °C
Lower - 2200 °C

Outer Core

Inner core
› Below the mantle
› Centre
› 2000km thick
› 1,400km thick
› Molten iron & nickel
› Solid iron & nickel
› 2200 °C
› 5000 °C
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Lithosphere
› Outside Layer of the Earth

Asthenosphere
› Bottom of crust, top of mantle
› Moving

Atmosphere
› Layer of gases

Biosphere
› Inhabited layer

Hydrosphere
› Layer of water
© Andrew Newbound 2009








Vents/holes in the earth where molten rock
comes out
Erupt – Active
No signs of activity – Dormant
Never active again – extinct
Australian volcanoes – extinct
Form when molten rock moves near surface
of Earth
Magma – inside volcano
Lava – outside volcano
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009
10 mill x bigger than Hiroshima
 Ash – haft of USA
 20 in history
 10 + in America
 Yellowstone has one?
 20+ earthquakes per week – Yellowstone
 Caldera – giant depression in Earth
 500 Hiroshima bombs

© Andrew Newbound 2009










1000x St Helens
1923 – 1970 – risen 2ft+
1995 – 2000 – dropped
Yellowstone – time bomb
100x bigger than Krakatau
Magma + explosive gas
160x smaller than USA’s biggest made bomb
Lift 10ft if volcano
Piroglactic flow – rock + ash + gas
Brain explodes
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Igneous
› Can change to sedimentary/metamorphic
› Formed when Magma cools – makes crystals

Sedimentary
› Can change into metamorphic/igneous

Magma
› Hot liquid made of minerals (form crystals
when cool)
› In ground – cools slowly – big crystals
› Surface – cools quickly – small crystals
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Sedimentary rocks
› On surface, wind & water
1. Break rock into pieces
2. Carry pieces to another place
3. Drop - make layer
4. Layer buried
5. Sediments cemented together – sedimentary
rock

Sediments – rock pieces
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Formed from sediments
 Most formed from weathered rock –
been eroded then deposited
 Sandstone, mudstone, shale, siltstone,
limestone, coal & conglomerate

© Andrew Newbound 2009

Formed from molten rock (magma/lava)
› Cools slow – large crystals
› Cools fast
– small crystals (basalt)
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Formed from heat & pressure inside earth
› Changes composition & appearance of
minerals in rocks (metamorphism)

If formed from mainly pressure
› Identified by bands/flat leaf-like layers
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Colour

› Main colour
› Colour if crushed
› Not reliable
› Rub across white tile
(impurities)

Streak
Lustre

Cleavage
› Number of smooth
› Shininess
planes can break
along
› Metallic, brilliant,
pearly, dull, earthy

Hardness
› How easily can be
brocken
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Minerals
› Building blocks of rocks

Ores
› Minerals containing useful
metal

Indentify
› Looks at several properties
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Hardness
Mineral
1
Talc
2
Gypsum
3
Calcite
4
Fluorite
5
Apatite
6
Feldspar
7
Quartz
8
Topaz
9
Corundum
10
Diamond

Mineral

› Naturally occurring,
pure substance
found in or on earth.

Ore
› Mineral with a large
amount of useful
metal in it

Intrusive rock
› Formed inside earth
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Extrusive rock
› Formed on the
surface of the earth

Fossil fuels

› 75% world’s energy

› 280 parts per million
Oil reserves
› Another 40 years

Uncomfortable
relying on middle
east for oil

Fossil fuels - pollution
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Now
› 350+ parts per
million

› Politically unstable

 Industrial
revolution

9/10 warmest years –
last decade
Nuclear
› not renewable

Renewable energy
›
›
›
›

Won’t run out
+Evenly distributed
Less polluting
No net carbon
emissions
Wind energy industry
› Growing quicker than


› Hydroelectric

Codrington wind farm
› Enough electricity for
14,000 homes
© Andrew Newbound 2009
All energy production
› Environmental
PC industry

Next 10yrs 20% of
growth in renewable
energy for electricity in
Australia – wind power
90% renewable energy
for electricity
consequences

80% of Australia’s
renewable energy
› Biomass

3 Ventura's buses
› Run on ethanol

Next 10yrs ½ growth
in renewable energy
for electricity
› Biomass

Geothermal activity
› Borders of tectonic
plates
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Green power
› Renewable +
environmentally
friendly
› Comes from
environment in own
country
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Physical Change

Changes properties
› Not chemical nature


Usually changed back
E.g. Cutting paper
Becomes new/different matter
 Colour change, bubbling, fizzing, light
production, smoke, temperature change
 E.g. Fireworks – magnesium & copper
Chemical Change

› Burning paper
New product/chemical
 Chemical reaction
 Not usually reversible

© Andrew Newbound 2009

Atomic number

› Amount of protons

Atomic symbol
› Decided names of 6
› 1 or 2 letters
representing an
element

Atomic weight
› Average mass of an
element in atomic
units (amu)
© Andrew Newbound 2009
International Union
of Pure and Applied
Chemistry
new elements

Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory
› Named Seaborgium
 Element 106

Seaborg’s Group
› Produced
 Plutonium
 Neptunium

– Pu
– NP
› Named






Rutherfordium –RF
Dubnium
– Db
Seaborgium – Sg
Bohrium
– Bh
Hassium
– HS


7 Periods (rows)
18 Groups (columns)
118 elements
1st 2 groups
› Alkali metals

Group to right
› Non metals
Families are together
 Elements 5770,
89102 at bottom

› Need to fit into 2 gaps
© Andrew Newbound 2009


Most elements – solid
Bold staircase

› Metal
 
 
› Separates metals and
non metals

Radioactivity
Decreases
Increases
› Non metal
Metalloids
 
 
› Properties of metals &
non-metals
 Borders staircase
› Boron, silicon,
germanium, arsenic,
antimon, tellurium,
polonium
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Increases
Decreases
Greek Thinkers
› Used words ‘element’
and ‘atom’ to
describe differences
and smallest parts of
matter

Lavoisier

› Wrote 1st extensive
› Made 1st true
list of elements

John Dalton
Periodic Table

› Believed that mass
Doberiner
of elements known
in 1860’s

› Noted that similar
elements had similar
atomic weights
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Cannizaro
› Determined weight
was the most
important property

Dechancourtois
Newlands
› Arranged table with
Cannizaro’s order

Meyer &
Mendeleyev
(separately)
› Compiled periodic
table of 56 elements

Mosely
› Re-ordered periodic
table by atomic
number
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Seaborg
› Created the
Transactinides

Everything made of
atoms

› 2 or more elements
chemically
combined together
› 100+ different kinds
(elements)
› In drop of water –
millions and millions

Element
› Made of only 1 type
of atom
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Compound

Mixture
› 2 or more different
substances not
joined together
chemically
Changing quantities
 Independent variable

› Changed by the scientist

Dependent variable
› What gets measured

Controlled variable
› Remains constant
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Metals
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Matter

Hydrogen alone
› Same radioactivity as sodium and lithium
› Only 1 proton and 1 electron
› Lightest and simplest of elements
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Solid
› Keeps it’s shape
› Particles tightly held together

Liquid
› Particles only partially attracted
› Cannot hold its shape
› Takes shape of container

Gas
› Particles not attracted
› Free to move
© Andrew Newbound 2009
More heat = more energy = particles
move faster
 Moving energy – kinetic energy
 Change in state – change in energy

Solid Liquid
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Gas
Frozen oil sinks in liquid oil
 Ice floats on water

› Shrinks until 4°C then expands

Anti-freeze
› Lowers temperatures, raises boiling point
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009


206 bones
Born with about 300
bones
› Fuse together

Bones
› make blood cells
› store minerals
› Longest – femur
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Joints
› Fixed
 Skull
› Hinged
 Like a door
› Ball and socket
 Shoulder
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Shape

› No bones
› Store minerals
 Formless

 Calcium
 Prosperous
Protection
› Vital organs

Storage
Movement
› Attachment for
muscles
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Production
› Red blood cells
› Bone marrow
 End of long bones
Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton






Head & Trunk
Protect vital organs
86 Bones
Shoulders, arms, pelvis, leg & foot
Motion
200 bones
© Andrew Newbound 2009

5 Types of Bones
(4 we need to know)
› Long

Joint
› Where 2 bones
›
› Short
›
› Flat
› Irregular
›
›
© Andrew Newbound 2009
meet
Fixed (Immovable)
Hinged (Slightly
movable)
Ball and socket (free
to move)
Gliding


Freely movable joints

Made of
› Synovial fluid
› Calcium
› Ligaments
› Phosphorus
› Cartilage
› Collagen
› Sodium
2 main types of
bones
› Compact (hard)
› Cancellous
(spongy)
© Andrew Newbound 2009
› Other minerals

Break
› Too much pressure

Scoliosis

› Person’s spine
curves from side to
side

Strengthen bones
› Up calcium
› Perform weight
baring exercises
› Preventive gear
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Fractures
› Impact
› Compound
› Simple break
› Green stake
› Comminute
Ball Joint
Projections
-To attach
to muscles
which move
the bone
Like honeycomb
Makes bone strong
without being too
heavy
Gives strength
Cartilage
-is smooth and
tough, allows less
friction
Shaft
-Supports
weight of
body
Groves allow
easy movement
at the bone joint
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Contains fat cells
and stores fat
Red marrow
-Makes red
and white
blood cells

Uses

› Support our body
› Protect vital organs
› Different uses

› A point of
attachment for
muscles
› Produces white
blood cells
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Different bones
Osteoporosis
› Reduces bone
tissue

Strengthen
› Weight baring
exercises
› Calcium

Functions

› Movement
› 1 shortens/contracts
› Force fluids through
› Other
body
lengthens/relaxes
 Peristalsis
 Bicep contracts
 Triceps relaxes
› Hold organs in
place

 Posture

Work in pairs
Arranged in bundles
› Fibres
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Muscles to bones
= tendons
Bones to bones
= ligaments
Voluntary
• Attached to
skeleton
• (Skeletal
muscles)
• Allow us to
move
• Decide
when to use
it
Involuntary
• Muscles
without us
knowing
• Intestines
© Andrew Newbound 2009
Cardiac
• Muscles in
heart
• Involuntary
• Contract
throughout
life
© Andrew Newbound 2009
•Move in 2
directions
•Like a door
Gliding
•Allows
maximum
movement
Hinge
Ball and Socket
Immovable (Fixed)
•Fixed and
cannot
move
•Allow
bones to
glide over
each other
•Wrist and
ankle
Joint
– 2 bones meet
 Ligament
– Hold bones together
 Synovial fluid
– stops bones colliding
 Arthritis
– Swelling of joints
 Red blood cells – supplies oxygen
 White blood cells – fight infection
 Plasma
– Protein

© Andrew Newbound 2009
Supplies oxygen to body
 Provides rapid release for carbon dioxide
 Process

1. Into nasal cavity
2. Down trachea
3. Into bronchi
4. Into bronchioles
5. Alveolar ducts
 Respiration happens
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Blood
› Carries waste, delivers oxygen, defence
Veins – blood to heart
 Heart – pumps blood around body
 Arteries – blood away from heart
 Works with respiratory system to
complete respiration

© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009

Teeth & enzymes

› Change food to soft
› Water & remaining
state

Oesophagus
› Moves food to stomach

nutrients absorbed into
blood

substances being
absorbed
› Break down food

Small intestine

absorbed

› Food in prepared and
Liver
› Blocks harmful
Stomach
chemically
Large intestine
Rectum
› Waste storage
Anus
› Ejecting waste

Job
› Turns food into energy &
removes waste
© Andrew Newbound 2009
© Andrew Newbound 2009