Transcript The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System
Functions of the Respiratory System
• This is the body system that allows oxygen
from the air to enter the blood and carbon
dioxide from the blood to exit into the air
• When you inhale (breathe in), oxygen enters
the blood stream and
• When you exhale (breathe out)carbon dioxide
is removed from the blood
• This body system works closely with the
cardiovascular system to do its job
The Respiratory System
Terms to know
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Pharynx
Larynx
Alveoli
Bronchi
Bronchiole
Epiglottis
Trachea
Lungs
Cilia/mucus
Pulmonary
Emphysema
Diaphragm
pneumonia
bronchitis
asthma
• Air enters the nose, travels down the nasal
passageway, down the pharynx (throat),
larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi,
bronchiole, alveoli
Pharynx
• A funnel shaped passageway that connects
the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
• This is also known as the throat
• In the pharynx, both food passage and air
passage cross
Larynx
 A cartilaginous structure that serves as a
passageway for air between the pharynx
and the trachea
 Also known as the voice box, because it
houses the vocal cords
 When air is expelled past the vocal
cords, sound is produced
 The length of the cords affects whether
you have high or low tones- short and
contracted cords=high voice, long and
relaxed= lower voice
 At the time of puberty, the growth of the
larynx is more rapid and more
accentuated in males than in females,
causing the male to have a deeper voice
and a more prominent Adam’s apple.
Bronchi and Bronchiole
 The trachea divides into
right and left primary
bronchi which lead to the
right and left lungs
 The bronchi branch into a
great number of
secondary bronchi that
lead to smaller branches
called bronchioles
 Each bronchiole leads to a
multitude of air pockets,
or sacs, called alveoli
Trachea
• The trachea is also known as the windpipe and
is a tube connects to the bronchi
• It lies just above the esophagus and is held
open by C- shaped cartilaginous rings
• The C shape rings face the esophagus so that
the esophagus can expand when swallowing
• The inside of the trachea is lined with mucus
as well as microscopic hair like structures
called cilia
Cilia and Mucus
Protect the Lungs
 When you cough, it is because
foreign material has entered the
respiratory tract
 What is causing the cough is the
sweeping motion of cilia in the
trachea, microscopic hair-like
structures, which sweep away this
material upward so that it leaves
the body through the mouth
 Mucus is a sticky substance that
helps trap in foreign material that
has entered the tract, which the
cilia then sweep out
 Together, the cilia and the secreted
mucus help keep harmful
substances out of the lungs
CILIA MAGNIFIED-they sweep about
ten times a second, 24 hours a day to
keep you healthy!!
Alveoli
The alveoli are
tiny, microscopic,
air sacs where gas
exchange in the
lungs takes place.
You have about
300 million per
lung!
They have the
appearance of
grape-like clusters
Oxygen enters the blood through the
alveoli and carbon dioxide leaves the
blood through the alveoli
The Lungs
• The lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs that occupy
the thoracic cavity, except for the central area that
contains the trachea, heart, and esophagus
• The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has
two lobes
• Each lung is enclosed by a double layer of serous
membrane called pleura. The pleura produces a
lubricating fluid that allows the two layers to slide past
each other. Surface tension holds the two pleura
together when the lungs recoil during expiration
The right lung has 3 lobes. The left
lung has 2 lobes.
The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that closes over the trachea
when you swallow, so food does not enter your lungs
.
DIAPHRAGM
A strong muscle that
makes breathing
possible. When the
diaphragm moves
downward, the lungs
fill with air and the
chest expands,
resulting in inhalation.
When the diaphragm
moves upward, the air
is forced out of the
lungs, resulting in
exhalation.
Emphysema
 A chronic and incurable disease in which alveoli are distended and
their walls damaged so that the surface area available for gas
exchange is reduced
 The elastic recoil of the lungs is reduced, so not only are the
airways narrowed, but the driving force behind expiration is also
reduced
 The victim becomes breathless and may have a cough
 Because gas exchange is reduced, less oxygen reaches the heart and
the brain, causing the heart to work much harder to force more
blood to the lungs
 Lack of oxygen to the brain can make a person feel depressed,
sluggish, and irritable
 There is no cure- treatment goal is to slow down the progress of the
disease. Treatment= exercise, drug therapy, and supplemental
oxygen
• The alveoli in someone with emphysema
begin to lose their elasticity and form, and the
capillaries around them begin to lose their
shape
• This disease is caused almost entirely by
smoking
Which lung do you want to be doing
the breathing work in your body?
Emphysema
Healthy lung
Pneumonia
• Lung disease caused by a bacteria or virus
• Symptoms include fever, chest pain, breathing
difficulty
• Treatment- bacterial pneumonia treated with
antibiotics
viral pneumonia requires bed rest to
get better
Disease in which the airways narrow
Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, cough, fatigue, can be fatal
Asthmatics must avoid activities that trigger an asthma attack
Asthma
Lung Cancer
• Uncontrolled growth of cells that reproduce
abnormally in the lungs: often caused by
smoking
• Treated by surgery, radiation, medicinesurvival rates are very low
Pulmonary
Edema
Shortness of breath during
physical activity is a sign of
heart failure. Heart failure can
lead to fluid leaking into the
lungs. The left ventricle is
unable to pump blood
efficiently in heart failure. So
blood begins to pool in the
pulmonary circulation. This
back up is under increased
pressure as the right side of the
heart is still pumping blood into
the lungs. As a result, fluid
leaks into the lungs, this is
called pulmonary edema. Also,
fluid retention by the kidneys
causes pulmonary edema.
Ways to Care for your Lungs
• Don’t smoke!
• Avoid people or situations that would expose you to
tobacco smoke in the air
• Wear appropriate masks when exposed to harmful
fumes
• Take care of your body when you have a cold, flu, or
other respiratory illness
• Engage in regular aerobic type of activities, such as
biking and jogging
If a cough persists for more than a week, see a doctor…
How Does Tobacco Affect the Lungs?
• It paralyzes cilia, so they don’t work as well
• It causes the lungs to produce more mucus (too much
can cause lung complications)
• It causes red blood cells to carry less oxygen, so
breathing is more difficult (carbon monoxide attaches
to red blood cells and robs them of some oxygen)
• It can lead to damaged alveoli (emphysema)
• Tar, a carcinogen, coats the lungs
• There are more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco, of
that amount, 40-60 are known carcinogens (cancer
causing agents)! Each year in the U.S., approximately
400,000 people die from smoking related illnesses.
Nicotine is a stimulant- it speeds up
heart rate and constricts blood vessels
Hookah Pipescommon in Middle
Eastern countries
But gaining in
popularity here in the
U.S., along with cigar
bars.
Hookah pipes are used
with sheesha flavored
tobacco, which like all
tobacco products, does
contain nicotine.
Smoking one round
of a hookah smoke
is like smoking 20
cigarettes- loaded
with harmful
chemicals!
Tidal Volume and Vital Capacity
Ways to Care for your Respiratory
System
• Avoid smoking any type of tobacco
• Avoid breathing in second hand smoke
Lung Cancer
Cellular Respiration Review
• Cellular respiration, which produces ATP, uses
the oxygen brought in the blood, and gives off
carbon dioxide
• Question…What is the waste product given off
during exhalation?
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Alveoli
• The alveoli are surrounded
by blood capillaries where
diffusion takes place
• Gas exchange occurs
between the air in the
alveolus and the blood in
the capillaries
• This is where oxygen enters
the blood and carbon
dioxide exits the blood