Transcript Unit 2x - Verona Public Schools

Decisions for Health Textbook
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 1 – Body Systems
 Body made of cells, tissues, and organs
 Cells – simplest unit of a living organism
 Tissue – group of similar cells performing a single
function
 Organ – two or more tissues working together
 Body System – group of organs working together to keep
you healthy
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 1 – Body Systems
 Noninfectious Disease (Non-communicable or not
contagious) - a disease (harmful change in the body’s
normal activities) that is not caused by a virus or living
organism
 Cannot be passed from person to person
 Is not caused by a pathogen
 Cannot form an immunity
 Cannot be completely cured
 Chronic Disease – disease or illness that last a long time
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 1 – Body Systems
 Causes of noninfectious diseases
 Congenital (present at birth but not inherited) – cleft lip – mouth
 Hereditary (passed from parent to biological child) – cystic fibrosis
– respiratory and digestive systems
 Accident – brain injury – brain
 Nutritional defect – anemia (iron deficiency) – blood and all
systems
 Metabolic disorder – diabetes – endocrine system
 Cancer – leukemia, breast, lung, & stomach – blood and any organ
or tissue
 Immune defect (allergy) – asthma – respiratory system, eyes, and
skin
 Multiple causes – high blood pressure – heart and circulatory
system
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 2 – Circulatory System
 Circulatory system made up of the heart and blood vessels,
through which blood circulates
 Heart is a muscular pump with four chambers
 Atria (atrium is singular) – two upper chambers that receive the
blood
 Ventricles – two lower chambers pump the blood
 Blood flow – oxygen low blood enters right atrium from body, goes
into right ventricle and then pumped into lungs, valves between
atrium and ventricle prevent backflow of blood, blood picks up
oxygen in lungs, blood returns to left atrium then goes to left
ventricle, high oxygen blood then pump to heart and rest of body
 Blood vessels include three major types:
 Arteries – carry blood away from heart to organs
 Veins – carry blood from parts of the body to the heart
 Capillaries – very small tubes that connect arteries and veins
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 2 – Circulatory System
 Blood is pumped to the body’s cells by the heart
 Blood contains two parts:
 Liquid part is called plasma (mostly water but contains
chemicals and nutrients)
 Solid part is made of blood cells
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Red blood cells carry oxygen to cells to make body work
White blood cells help fight infections
 Hypertension (high blood pressure) – heart tries to pump
blood through narrow artery making the pressure inside
the arteries too high
 Can damage arteries, heart, kidneys, and brain
 Can be fatal
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 2 – Circulatory System
 Heart Disease – condition that affects heart’s ability to pump
blood
 Heart attack – part of the heart does not receive enough blood and
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heart does not pump well, part of heart muscle may die
Heart failure – condition that slowly develops as heart gets weaker,
does not mean the heart stops, means heart cannot pump enough
blood to keep body going; may be caused by heart attack, high
blood pressure, or congenital disorder
Congenital disorder – any disease, abnormality, or defect present at
birth but not inherited, more than 30 kinds of congenital heart
disease including a hole in the heart (fixable by surgery)and heart
murmur
Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries
Stroke – caused by blocked artery in the brain keeping brain cells
from not getting enough oxygen
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 2 – Circulatory System
 Fighting Heart Disease
 Best method is making good, healthy lifestyle choices
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Eat nutritious foods and maintain a healthy, balanced diet
Get plenty of exercise
Maintain a healthy body weight
Do not use tobacco, drugs, or alcohol
Manage stress
Get regular medical check-ups
 Some heart disease may be controlled with medicines
 Some heart disease may require surgery
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 2 – Circulatory System
 Fighting Blood Disease
 Eat foods high in iron like fish, lean meat, and green leafy vegetables to
help prevent anemia
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Anemia – disease where not enough red blood cells to carry enough oxygen to the
body
Caused by disease, severe blood loss due to injury or accident, low iron diet
Sickle cell anemia causes body to create defective red blood cells
 Leukemia is cancer of the blood
 Disease that causes defective white blood cells to form in very large numbers
 On other hand, some medicines may make body produce too few white blood
cells
 Platelet diseases happen with too few or too many platelets
 Platelets in blood help stop bleeding by plugging leaks in blood vessels
 Not enough platelets can cause easy bruising or excessive bleeding
 Too many platelets can cause easy clotting and clots can travel to heart, lungs, or
brain and cause damage by stopping blood flow
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 3 - Respiratory System
 Respiratory System includes nose, mouth, throat, voice
box, trachea, and lungs
Air enters body through nose or mouth
Next, air enters the trachea
Trachea splits into two tubes called bronchi
Each bronchi is attached to lungs
In lungs, bronchi divide into several smaller tubes called
bronchioles
 Bronchioles end in small, thin air sacs called alveoli
 In alveoli, oxygen from air enters blood while carbon dioxide
and water from blood go into air
 Respiration is involuntary muscle action controlled by the
brain
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Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 3 - Respiratory System
 Respiratory Diseases
 Cystic fibrosis (CF)
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Thick, sticky mucus in lungs that clog lungs and interfere with airflow
Medicines to treat CF can make breathing easier
 Asthma
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Causes small bronchioles in lungs to narrow
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Causes shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing
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Asthma attacks caused by allergies to things in environment like smoke, dust, and pollen
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Asthma attacks also caused by cold air, exercise and respiratory infections
 Emphysema
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Causes alveoli to become thin and stretched
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Prevents oxygen and carbon dioxide from moving freely
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Tied strongly to cigarette smoking (first or second-hand)
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Cannot be cured or treated well
 Chronic bronchitis
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Mucous membrane in bronchiole tubes of lungs become irritated and infected causing daily cough
for months to years in a row
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Avoid cigarette smoke and airborne bronchial irritants, treated with steroids or oxygen therapy
 Lung cancer
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Uncontrolled growth in group of cells within air passages that develop into tumors
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Treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted drug therapy
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 4 - Nervous System
 Nervous System is command and control system of the
body consisting of several parts that connect and work
together
 Two main parts are CNS and PNS
 Central Nervous System (CNS) made of brain and spinal cord
 Brain is located in skull and is main organ of nervous system
 Spinal cord is bundle of nerves running down back inside the
backbone and is main pathway for messages between brain and PNS
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of two parts made
of all nerves outside brain and spinal cord
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Somatic nervous system sends information between CNS and bones,
muscles, and skin (voluntary movements)
Autonomic nervous system controls functions like heart rate, blood
pressure, breathing, and digestion (involuntary movements)
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 4 - Nervous System
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Nervous System Diseases
 Alzheimer’s disease
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Degenerative brain disease causing loss of memory and behavior change
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No known cure
 Parkinson’s disease
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Degenerative disease associated with trembling or stiffness of limbs and face and slow movement
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No known cure but medicines may slow the progression
 Guillain-Barre’ syndrome
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Immune system disorder that attacks part of PNS causing muscle weakness and tingling sensation in
legs, may progress to paralysis and difficulty breathing
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No known cure but symptoms are treatable and muscles kept flexible through physical therapy
 Brain tumors
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Abnormal cancerous or noncancerous tissue growth in brain
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Treatable with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and medicines
 Multiple Sclerosis
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Destroys coverings on nerves of brain and spinal cord
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Messages from brain do not reach proper muscles causing loss of muscle control
 Injuries
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Head injuries may damage brain affecting ability to think, move, remember, or speak
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Spinal cord injuries may prevent messages from passing from brain to body causing inability to walk
or use hands
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 5 - Endocrine System
 Endocrine System is network of glands throughout the body that
produces hormones
 Types of glands:
 Endocrine gland – group of cells or an organ that produces hormones
 Hormones – chemical released directly into the blood to regulate body functions
 Metabolism – all the processes where the body breaks down food to convert food
energy into body energy for body growth and repair
 Pituitary gland – growth hormone
 Thyroid gland – thyroid hormone necessary for growth and metabolism
 Parathyroid gland – parathyroid hormone necessary for calcium
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metabolism
Pancreas – insulin necessary for sugar metabolism
Adrenal gland – sex hormones and hormones for salt metabolism
Testes – male sexual development hormone
Ovaries – female sexual development hormone
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 5 - Endocrine System
 Endocrine System Diseases
 Type 1 Diabetes
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Blood sugar is too high
Body produces little or no insulin
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Hormone produced by pancreas to store glucose, or sugar
Enables cells to use glucose for energy
May cause blindness, heart disease, circulatory problems, stroke, or kidney disease
Controlled with insulin shots
 Type 2 Diabetes
 Body makes insulin but cannot use it properly
 Usually strikes people over 40
 Linked to obesity and lack of exercise
 Can be prevented or controlled with healthy diet and plenty of exercise
 Hyperthyroidism
 Causes thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone
 Excess hormone speeds up metabolism causing weight loss
 Person may feel warm, sweaty, nervous and tired but have trouble sleeping
 Treated with medication
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 6 - Digestive System
 Digestive System breaks down food so it can be used by the body
 Food enters mouth, passes down the esophagus to stomach,
stomach holds food and partially digests it, then passes into small
intestine where digestion is completed and nutrients from food
absorbed, small intestine connects to large intestine where water
from food is absorbed, large intestine (colon) ends at rectum,
rectum ends at anus where solid waste of undigested and
unabsorbed food exits
 Digestive enzymes special proteins produced in the mouth,
stomach, and small intestine that break down food and make it
usable
 Liver produces bile which is concentrated in gallbladder and
poured into small intestine to help digest fat
 Pancreas produces mixture of enzymes that help break down
fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 6 - Digestive System
 Digestive System Diseases
 Celiac disease
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Makes body allergic to a protein called gluten
Immune system reacts to gluten by damaging lining of small intestine
Damage stops intestine from absorbing nutrients
 Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD)
 Crohn’s disease
 Attacks lining of intestines causing diarrhea, cramps, and fever
 Treated with healthy diet and medication
 Ulcerative colitis
 Attacks the colon
 Treated with healthy diet and medication
 Stomach cancer
 No known cause
 Factors include alcohol or tobacco abuse, diet high in smoked food and salted fish
or meat, diet low in fiber and high in starch
 Treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 7 - Urinary System
 Urinary System removes waste from body
 Urinary system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary
bladder, and the urethra
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Blood travels through body collecting waste products from cells
Kidneys constantly clean blood through millions of filters called
nephrons
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Kidneys are organs and the waste they remove is product of metabolism
in cells – not the same as digestive system waste
Kidneys also help maintain levels of salt and fluid in body which helps
control blood pressure
Nephrons collect waste and water from blood
Waste products and water together make urine
Urine leaves kidneys through ureters
Urine transported by ureters to urinary bladder where it is stored
Eventually, urine leaves body through urethra
The process of releasing urine is called urination
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 7 - Urinary System
 Urinary System Diseases
 Kidney Disease and its causes
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Diabetes
 Body cannot use sugar in blood damaging small blood vessels and nephrons in
kidneys
 Build up of waste in blood and organs causing various health problems
including kidney failure
 Treated with diet and medication or dialysis
 If untreated, can cause death
Hypertension
 Nephrons damaged by stress caused by high blood pressure making kidneys
unable to filter blood and remove waste
 Build up of waste in blood and organs causing various health problems
including kidney failure
 Treated with diet and medication or dialysis
 If untreated, can cause death
Heredity
 Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is where cysts (hard growths) form in
kidneys and slowly replace large portions of nephrons
 Cannot be cured but treated with medications and proper diet
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 8 – Skin, Bones, and Muscles
 Connective Tissue
 Epithelial tissue
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Make up your skin and stomach lining
 Nervous tissue
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Found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord
 Muscle tissue
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Makes up your muscles
 Connective tissue
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Makes up the bones, ligaments, and tendons
 Skin, Bones, and Muscles
 Skin – protective covering of the body and first line of defense against infections
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Receives signals from environment such as touch or pain
These signals travel to brain along nervous tissue
 Bones – solid structures providing the body’s framework providing stability
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Made of proteins, minerals, and connective tissue
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Blood vessels inside bone deliver nutrients to living bone cells
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Protects organs like brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
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Blood cells formed in bone marrow (center of the bone)
 Muscles – makes it possible for the body to move
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Controlled by brain and nerves
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 8 – Skin, Bones, and Muscles
 Diseases of the Skin, Bones, and Muscles
 Skin diseases
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Skin cancer – caused by exposure to sunlight
Psoriasis – no known cause
 Bone diseases
 Osteoporosis – causes loss of bone density making bones brittle
 Usually strikes older adults, especially women
 Treated with calcium, vitamin D, or hormones
 Rickets
 Usually strikes young children
 Results from lack of vitamin D
 Treated with proper diet
 Muscular diseases
 Muscular Dystrophy (MD) – causes muscles to become gradually weak
 May become disabled as muscle tissue is destroyed
 Is a group of several inherited muscle diseases
 No cure but treatment and therapy can be supportive
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 9 – Eyes and Ears
 Eyes
 Sensory organ that uses light to send information from the world to
your brain
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Light passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens of the eye
Lens focuses light on the retina (layer of cells in back of eye)
Cells of retina send electrical impulses along optic nerve to brain
Brain changes impulses into images
 Ears
 Sensory organ that uses sound to send information from the world to
your brain
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Each ear has three parts
Sound waves reach the outer ear and are funneled toward eardrum making
eardrum vibrate
Vibrations travel through the small bones of middle ear (hammer, anvil, and
stirrup)
From bones of middle ear vibrations go to inner ear where vibrations are
converted to electrical impulses
 Inner ear also responsible for maintaining balance
Electrical impulses go to the brain
Noninfectious Diseases & Disorders
Lesson 9 – Eyes and Ears
 Diseases of the Eyes
 Cataract
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Clouding of natural lens of the eye
Cloudy lens can be replaced with plastic lens similar to a contact lens
Blurry vision occurs when lens do not focus light directly on retina
Regular eye exams can detect early problems so it can be stopped or treated with medicine or surgery
 Glaucoma
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Causes high pressure in the fluid in the eye
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High pressure damages optic nerve and causes permanent vision loss
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Most cases cannot be cured, some can be treated and vision saved
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Regular eye exams can detect early problems so it can be stopped or treated with medicine or surgery
 Diseases of the Ear
 Deafness
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Partial or total loss of ability to hear
May be hereditary or happen during birthing process
Can be caused by infectious diseases (meningitis)
Can be caused by noninfectious diseases (diabetes and leukemia)
Can be caused by loud noises that damage inner ear
 Middle ear disease
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Dizziness and nausea due to inner ear sending incorrect messages to brain