Transcript Human Body Systems

Create by
Mrs. Herman
2013
Levels of Organization
ATOMS
• Smallest
part of matter
• NON-living
Molecules
• 2 or more bonded atoms
• Form compounds
• NON-living
Organelles
• “Tiny organs”
• Made of macromolecules
• Nucleus, ribosomes
Cell
• Made of organelles
• Basic unit of life
• Different types of cells have different
functions
• LIVING
Tissue
• A lot of the same kind cell working together
• Living
Organs
• Tissues that work together
• Living
Heart,
Brain,
Lungs
Kidney
Organ Systems
• Organs that
work together
• Living
Skeletal
Muscular
Circulatory
Organism
• Entire living things(organisms)
• Usually made of systems
• May be a single cell
• Living
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Cells are organized in tissues.
Different tissues working together
to perform a particular job are
called organ. Groups of organs
that work together to complete a
series of tasks are called a
system. Many systems working
together make up an organism.
What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis (Greek for “staying the
same”) is a process by which the body
maintains a stable internal environment.

All of your body's systems work together
maintain homeostasis inside of your body.
Skeletal System

What are the parts of the
skeletal system?
 Bones, cartilage, joints,
and ligaments.

What is the function?




give us shape and support
Enables us to move
protect our internal organs
Store calcium, minerals
and fat
 Produce blood cells
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX0a5c1b6775
57007c776141&t=Skeletal-System
Joints and ligaments

Joints are the
place where two
bones meet.

Ligaments are the
tissue that
connect bones to
other bones.
Skeletal System and Homeostasis
Bones supply calcium to
nerves, muscles and
heart
 Skeletal system helps
you move which can
move you away from
unpleasant stimuli or
dangerous situations.

Muscular System
Made up of muscles
and tendons
 (along with nerve
cells to control them)
 There are over 700
muscles in your body

Muscular System
What is a muscle?
 Made of strong tissue that can contract
in an orderly way.
 Function:
 Attached to bones to provide movement,
support and balance
 Protect your body
 Helps body maintain a constant
temperature.

http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX710e4305426d0d0f607351&t=Skeletal-System
What is a tendon?
A strong tissue that connects muscles to
bones.
 Helps stabilize joints.
 Also helps the body keep it’s posture and
shape

Voluntary vs. Involuntary muscles
Voluntary muscles that you
can control.
 Some examples
include your
muscles to move
your arm or legs.

Voluntary vs. Involuntary muscles
Involuntary muscles don't need the brain to
send them messages.
 Some examples are: the muscles in your heart,
the muscles in your digestive system which
move food down to your stomach and The tiny
muscles at the bottom of the hairs on your arms
which make your hairs stand up when you are
cold, or suddenly feel scared.

Types of muscles



Cardiac – involuntary
muscle that is found only
in the heart
Skeletal – voluntary
muscles that attach to
bone.
Smooth – involuntary
muscles that help move
material through the body
such as food in the
stomach or controls the
movement of blood
through vessels.
Muscular System and Homeostasis
 Muscle contractions help to keep your body warm
 Heart muscles contract more often during exercise
to get more oxygen to your cells and release
carbon dioxide.
Respiratory System
o
Parts of the Respiratory System include:
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs
 Alveoli
o Function: to bring oxygen into the body and get rid of
carbon dioxide.
Maintaining Homeostasis
The muscular system (diaphragm)
interacts with the respiratory system
(lungs) by changing the pressure in the
lungs so you can breathe.
Circulatory System
Also called your
Cardiovascular System
 Made up of the heart, blood
and blood vessels (arteries,
veins, capillaries)

What is the function of the
Circulatory System?
Your body's delivery system.
 Blood moving from the heart, delivers
oxygen and nutrients to every part of the
body.
 On the return trip, the blood picks up
waste products so that your body can
get rid of them

Homeostasis?
Transporting materials around the body
 Regulating body temperature (pink skin)
 Defense – blood carries white blood
cells (WBC)

Function of Blood
Connects the circulatory system with all other
body systems.
 It transports substances throughout the body,
 Helps protect against infection
 Helps regulate your body’s temperature.

Parts of Blood
Red Blood Cells – carry oxygen.
 White Blood Cells – fight infections.
 Platelets – help you stop bleeding.
 Plasma – yellow liquid that carries
nutrients, hormones and proteins.

The Heart
http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/heart.html
Digestive System
http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/_bfs_DSmoviesource.html
Digestive System



Parts include: mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, various glands and
others.
Function: to turn the food you eat into useful
energy for your body.
4 steps of the digestive system
• Ingestion – the act of eating or putting food in your mouth
• Digestion – the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small
particles and molecules that your body can absorb.
• Absorption – nutrients and water are taken in by cells
• Elimination – removal of undigested food and other waste from the
body
Digestive System & Homeostasis
provides nutrients (fuel/energy)
for all other body systems.
Excretory System
Function
 collects and
eliminates
wastes from
the body and
regulates the
level of fluid in
the body.
Several different body systems
make up the excretory system.
Parts of the Excretory System
Urinary System processes, transports,
collects and removes liquid waste.
 Respiratory System removes carbon dioxide
and water vapor
 Integumentary System (skin) secretes
excess salt and water through the sweat
glands.
 Digestive System removes unused, solid
waste

Homeostasis and the Excretory System
Filters waste out
of blood (kidney)
 Removal of
waste from
digestive system
 Helps regulate
fluid levels in the
body.

Organs of the Urinary System
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
Integumentary System
Parts include the skin, hair, fingernails,
oil, and sweat glands.
 Function is to provide protection.

 protects your body from disease by providing a barrier to
viruses and bacteria.
 protects your body from physical damage by offering a
thick barrier that both contains your internal organs and
stops large objects, like a rock from entering your body.
 protects your body from dehydration, overheating, or
freezing. The layer of skin can sweat and help your body
cool or surround a layer of fat that keeps warmer
temperatures inside.
The Integumentary System
BACTERIA
41
Characteristics of Bacteria
Did you know that billions of tiny organisms too small to be seen
surround you? These organisms, called bacteria are microscopic
prokaryotes. You might recall that a prokaryote is a unicellular
organism that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound
organelles.
Bacteria live in almost every habitat on Earth, including the air,
glaciers, the ocean floor and in soil. A teaspoon of soil can contain
between 100 million and 1 billion bacteria. Bacteria also live in or
on almost every organism, both living and dead. Hundreds of
species of bacteria live on your skin. In face, your body contains
more bacterial cells than human cells! The bacteria in your body
outnumber human cells by 10 to 1!
From textbook page 253
42
BACTERIA
 Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist
environments.
 They are found almost everywhere:
-water
-air
-soil
-food
-skin
-inside the body
-on most objects
43
How do bacteria get in the body?

Air



Animals


Food can have harmful microbes in and on it. The microbes get into the body when the food
is eaten, causing food poisoning. Thorough cooking kills most microbes, but they can survive
under-cooking. Careless handling of food increases the risk from harmful microbes.
Touch



Animals may carry harmful microbes. The microbes can get into a person who is scratched or
bitten by such an animal. Malaria is a tropical disease spread by a tiny fly called a mosquito.
Food


Droplets containing microbes fly into the air when people sneeze or cough. The microbes
they contain get into other people if breathed in.
Chicken pox, colds, flu, measles and tuberculosis are spread like this.
Microbes can be passed from one person to another when people touch each other, or when
they touch something an infected person has handled. Athlete's foot is spread like this.
Bacteria on the skin can be killed by antiseptics, and bacteria on surfaces can be killed by
disinfectants. Washing your hands reduces the chance of spreading microbes.
Water

Water can have harmful microbes in it. The microbes get into the body when the water is
swallowed. Cholera is a disease caused by a bacterium that spreads like this. Thorough
boiling or adding chlorine to the water can reduce the chance of spreading microbes in this
way
44
3 Shapes of Bacteria
Rod-shaped
Round or Sphere-shaped
Spiral-shaped
45
Harmful Bacteria
Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial
plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar
(rough areas)
46
Harmful Bacteria
 Bacteria can also cause
infections such as
tuberculosis, pneumonia,
meningitis and strep throat.
 Eating food that is
contaminated by some
bacteria can cause
food poisoning.
47
Helpful Bacteria
•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the
soil for other organisms to grow
•Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to
break down grass and hay
•Most are used to make antibiotics
•Some bacteria help make insulin
•Used to make industrial chemicals
48
Helpful Bacteria
E.coli on small intestines
49
Helpful Bacteria
•Used to treat sewage
Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria,
used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no
longer present to produce odors, sludge,
pollution, or unsightly mess.
•foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese,
sour cream, buttermilk
are made from
bacteria that grows
in milk
50
Mrs. Herman
2012
What is a virus?

A strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a
layer of protein that can infect and replicate
in a host cell.

Samples of viruses include the common
cold, the flu, chicken pox, mumps, measles,
polio, HIV, rabies
What are
characteristics of viruses?
 Contain
no organelles
 Have a variety of shapes
 Smaller than bacteria
 NOT considered a living thing
Samples
Virus Replication
Immune and Lymphatic System
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organisms_behaviour_health/disease/activity/
Parts of the Immune System

The immune system is made up of
special cells, proteins, tissues, and
organs.
Function of the Immune System

The immune system defends the body
against pathogens every day.

A pathogens is something that causes
disease like bacteria, viruses or harmful
chemicals.
The Immune System and homeostasis
The immune system works to maintain
homeostasis by protecting against invaders.
Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System is part of the
immune system and helps destroy
microorganisms that enter the body.
Functions of
the Lymphatic System
 absorbs some of the tissue fluid that collects around
cells.
 absorbs fats from the digestive system and transports
them to the circulatory system.
 filters dead cells, viruses, bacteria, and other
unneeded particles from tissue fluid and then returns the
tissue fluid to the circulatory system.
 helps fight off illness and infections and includes
structures in which white blood cells develop.
Parts of the Lymphatic System
Lymph
 Lymph Vessels
 Lymph Nodes
 Bone Marrow
 Thymus
 Spleen
 Tonsils

Lymphatic System and
Homeostasis

regulating fluid buildup around cells.

supports the circulatory system by
cleaning fluids and replacing them in the
bloodstream.

supports overall health by helping fight
infection.
The Nervous System
The Nervous
System is the
part of an
organism that
gathers,
processes and
responds to
information.
Parts of the Nervous System
 Brain
 Spinal
cord
 Nerve cells (neurons)
 Nerve tissues/ bundles (ganglia)
Function of the Nervous System
 Gathering
Information
 Responding
to Stimuli
 Maintaining
Homeostasis in
the body
Maintaining Homeostasis

Receiving information from your
environment and responding to it.

The nervous system signals other
systems such as the digestive,
endocrine, and the circulatory system
Nervous System

The Central Nervous System
 the brain
 the spinal cord

The Peripheral Nervous System
 Somatic system – controls the skeletal
muscles
 Autonomic system – controls smooth
and cardiac muscles
How it works
Neurons – nerve cells are the basic functioning
unit of the nervous system
A dendrite receives information from
another neuron or from another cell in your
body.
 The cell body processes that information
 The axon sends information out to another
neuron or cell in your body.

The Brain – the Control Center
Function- It receives information, processes it
and sends out a response. It also stores
information as memories.
3 parts – 3 functions
Cerebrum – controls memory,
language and thought.
 Cerebellum – coordinates
voluntary muscle movement and
regulates balance and posture.

(stores information about those movements
about riding a bicycle or tying a shoe)

Brain stem – controls
involuntary functions.
(sneezing, swallowing and coughing)