Transcript blood cells and the

DEFENSE
Integumentary, Immune and
Lymphatic Systems
DEFENSE
How do the integumentary, immune and
lymphatic systems work together to
defend the body?
These systems work together to keep
pathogens
_______________
out of the body and to
attack
____________
any that make it in.
Functions of the Integumentary System
protective barrier for
1. Acts as a __________
internal organs and tissues.
pathogens like bacteria and
2. Prevents __________
viruses from entering the body.
3. Helps to regulate the body’s
temperature by sweating or forming
____________
“goose bumps”.
Regulating Temperature
Homeostasis
When you sweat, your body
saltwater onto the
places __________
surface of your skin. Water can
heat
absorb large amounts of ______
before it evaporates. Because the
water absorbs the heat then
Skin and hair also help the body _______ heat when it is cold.
carries it away, your body can
keep itself from ____________.
overheating
Skin and hair also help
retain heat
the body _______
when it is cold.
Homeostasis
The dermis is abundantly supplied
with blood vessels that play a role
in maintaining body temperature homeostasis.
If Cold:
Blood vessels in the dermis narrow, helping to limit heat
loss.
Blood bypasses the dermis capillaries temporarily, which
allows internal body temperature to stay high.
If Hot:
Blood vessels widen, bringing heat from the body's core to
the skin and increasing heat loss.
Skin becomes reddened and warm and allows body heat
to radiate from the skin surface.
Functions of the Integumentary System
D when exposed to
4. Makes vitamin
__________
UV light. (Fat-soluble vitamin that promotes absorption of calcium
and phosphorus.)
5. Prevents the body from becoming
dehydrated due to excess water loss.
___________
excretion of waste like urea
6. Aids in _________________,
and salts.
sensory organ
7. Acts as a ______________by detecting
heat, cold, pressure, and pain
Evolutionary
Trends
The different phyla
of animals have
unique
very ___________
structures that are
a part of their
integumentary
systems which
allow them to
____________
to
adapt
their
environments.
Evolutionary Trends of Integumentary System
Complex
Simple
Animal
Taxon
Invertebrates
Adaptations
epithelial cells
secrete mucous;
shells and
exoskeletons
made of chitin;
stinging or sharp
outer cells
Fish
Mucous
secreted over
scales
decreases
friction in the
water
Amphibians
Have mucous
glands to keep
skin moist to help
with respiration
and body
temperature
Reptiles
Birds
Feathers to fly;
Dry, scaly skin
glands secrete
made of keratin to oily substances
prevent water loss to keep feathers
and regulate body
waterproof;
temperature
colorful for
communication
Picture of
Adaptation
Jellyfish, worms,
Examples
insects,
crustaceans
Fish
Frogs, Toads,
Alligator, Lizards,
Salamanders
Snakes
Birds
Integumentary System in Mammals
The main organ of the integumentary system
is the _____.
skin
It contains three layers
epidermis
known as the________,
dermis and the
______,
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
___________________
__, which is the
underlying layer of
fat for insulation.
______
MAMMALS
1. Epidermis
• outer layer approximately
10-30 cells thick
pores
• covered in __________
• Hair and nails protude
from this layer
• contains melanin pigment
that gives skin its color
2. Dermis
• thickest layer
• contains blood vessels,
muscles, nerves, hair
sweat glands
follicles, _______
and subaceous (_____)
oil
glands
Epidermis
• Outer layer of skin
• Does not contain blood vessels
• Contains two layers
1. Outside of the epidermis is made up of dead cells and
comes into contact with the environment.
2. Inner layer is made up of living cells and undergo rapid
cell division, producing new cells that push older cells to
the surface of the skin (shed once every 4-5 weeks)
o
o
Keratin – tough protein made here that eventually forms the
waterproof covering for your skin.
Contain melanocytes, which produce melanin.
o
Melanin is a dark brown pigment that helps protect the skin from
damage by absorbing UV rays from the sun.
o
Differences in skin color are caused by the different amounts of
melanin the melanocytes produce.
o
NO BLOOD VESSELS here, therefore when you slightly scratch
your arm it doesn’t bleed!
Dermis
• Inner layer of the skin
– Located between the epidermis
and the hypodermis.
• Contains:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Collagen fibers
Blood vessels
Nerve endings
Glands
1.
2.
5.
6.
7.
Sweat glands – body perspires
when too hot
Oil glands (sebaceous) –
produces oily secretion (sebum)
to keep skin flexible and
waterproof
Sensory receptors
Smooth muscles
Hair follicles
Integumentary System
Levels of Organization
Epithelial
Epidermis, Dermis
Skin
Integumentary
Fun Fact: Believe it or not, the
largest
integumentary system is the ________
organ system and your _____
skin is the
largest organ in your body.
Interaction with Other Body Systems
Skin is the first line of
defense in the immune
system response.
The circulatory system and
skin regulate body
temperature.
Skin and the excretory
system excrete water, urea,
salts, and other wastes
through sweat.
Receptors of the nervous
system are located in skin.
Immune System:
The main function of the immune system is to fight
infections
white
off ___________.
This is the job of the ________
antibodies they create.
blood cells and the ___________
Immune System:
White blood cell travels throughout the body through
circulatory system. This allows them to be
the ___________
distributed to every part of the body.
___________

A substance that triggers this immune response is
known as an antigen.


Examples of Antigens: Bacteria, Viruses, and Other
Pathogens.
Cells that recognize specific antigens
(lymphocytes):
1.
2.
3.
B Lymphocytes (B Cells): Provide immunity against
pathogens and antigens in body fluids.
T Lymphocytes (T Cells): Provide a defense against
abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells.
Phagocytes: Large cells that eat pathogens and
damaged cells.
Types of White Blood Cells:
Macrophages - These cells
______________
engulfing
kill bacteria by __________
them (process known as
_____________).
This means
phagocytosis
that they pull the pathogen
inside of themselves where
the pathogen is trapped and
digested by proteins
__________
enzymes These
called __________.
cells are made in bone
marrow.
________
B cells - These cells
antibodies to
make ___________
fight inside body fluids.
Memory B cells are also
responsible for
“remembering” a
specific bacteria or
virus. This causes your
immune
body to be __________
to them in the future.
Immune:antibody/antigen response
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrYlZJiuf18
Antibodies are an important part of
the immune system. Once they
antigen
attach to an _________(substance
that triggers immune response), they
can prevent further infection and
spleen to
signal the ______
liver and _______
destroy the toxic invaders.
Immune Response
• When a pathogen invades the
body, its antigens are
recognized by a small fraction
of the body’s B cells…these
cells then release antibodies.
– Antibodies - Proteins that
recognize and bind to antigens.
• Carried in the bloodstream
• As the antibodies overcome the
infection, the plasma cells die out
and stop producing antibodies.
Types of White Blood Cells:
T Cells - These white blood cells actually
_________
attack inside the body’s cells which contain
viruses They also target and
bacteria or _________.
________
tumor cells which are the root of all
destroy ________
cancers.


When a virus or cancer
begins to invade your
body, antibodies alone
cannot destroy them.
T cells divide and become
specific to kill the infected
cells:



Killer T cells – track down
and destroy the tissue
containing the antigen
Helper T cells – produce
memory T cells (able to
activate killer T and B cells)
Suppressor T cells – release
substances that shut down
the Killer T cells after the
antigens are under control.
A breast cancer cell above and a
prostate cancer cell below being
attacked by
Killer T Cells
Penicillin and other ___________
antibiotics can also be used to
help the immune system, but it is important that you
bacteria
understand that antibiotics only kill _________!
They will NOT
help if you are
sick with a
virus
_____
because
viruses are
not cells!
H.I.V.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
A.I.D.S.
H.I.V. is the virus that causes __________,
or
acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It attacks a
Helper T cell.
special T cell known as a __________
The lymphatic system removes
fluid from around cells and filters
out pathogens.
When this fluid passes through the
lymph nodes white blood cells
_____________,
attack and kill any pathogens.
When bacteria and other
pathogens travel through the
lymph nodes, they are attacked
by white blood cells. This causes
swell •
the lymph nodes to ______.
Lymphatic system also collects
fluid lost by the blood and
returns it to the circulatory
system
Organs in the Lymphatic System
• Lymph nodes (densely packed
area of tissue that filters lymph
and traps microorganisms)
• Lymph vessels (run along side
veins collecting and carrying
lymph back to the circulatory
system)
• Lymph (fluid found in lymph
vessels)
• Spleen (Removes damaged red
blood cells from blood)
• Tonsils (Pair of enlarged lymph
nodes in throat)
• Thymus gland (Location where
some white blood cells mature)
Evolutionary Trends of Lymph & Immune Systems
Complex
Simple
Animal
Taxon
Adaptations
Examples
Invertebrates
Cells recognize
peptidoglycan, a
substance found in the
cell walls of bacteria,
and destroy the
bacteria
bees, flies
Fish
Thymus makes T
lymphocytes and B
cells
Fish
Mammals
Body produces
antibodies specific to
certain pathogens
Human
Lymph & Immune System
Levels of Organization
White Blood Cells, B-cells, Tcells, macrophages
Lymph nodes, bone marrow
Spleen, Liver
Lymph and Immune
Interactions with other Body Systems
Skin of the integumentary system is
the first line of defense of the
immune system.
The circulatory system transports
immune cells around the body. It
also helps control body fluids with
the lymphatic system.
The excretory system excretes
excess fluids and pathogens.
Bones of the skeletal system
produce lymphocytes and
macrophages.