Transcript respiratory system

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Vicki Hughes
Respiration
Roots:
Baso = base
Bronch = windpipe
Nas = nose
Pleur = rib
Pneum = lungs
Pulmon = lung
Rhino = nose
Spiro = breathe
Assignments:
OL CH 13 Practice Test
The respiratory system includes
tubes that remove (filter) particles
from incoming air and transport air
into and out of the lungs. The
system also includes many
microscopic air sacs where gases
are exchanged.
The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere
and body cells is called respiration.
Events of respiration include:
(1) movement of air into and out
of the lungs-commonly
called breathing or
ventilation;
(2) gas exchange between air
and blood in the lungs;
(3) gas transport in blood
between the lungs and body
cells; and
(4) gas exchange between
blood and body cells.
The organs of the
respiratory system include
the nose, paranasal
sinuses, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs.
(1) conducting division
- passages for airflow
(nostrils through
bronchioles)
(2) respiratory division
- gas exchange
(alveoli and other
distal gas exchange
regions)
Upper RT
Lower RT
Air enters the
respiratory system
through the mouth or
nose.
These two pathways
merge at the pharynx,
which is also the path
for food moving to the
esophagus.
Miracle of Respiration
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkRcdfmHqqI
The epiglottis lies at
the top of the larynx,
folds during
swallowing to prevent
food from entering the
trachea.
• Air moves through
the larynx into the
trachea, which is
stiffened by rings of
cartilage.
• The trachea divides
into two primary
bronchi that enter
the lungs.
Miracle of Respiration
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkRcdfmHqqI
Palate = bone separating
the mouth from the nose.
The genetic defect “cleft
palate” is the failure of
the bones making up the
palate to fuse properly.
Palate
Cleft palate results in
breathing difficulty as
well as oral cavity
problems such as
chewing and swallowing.
Palate
Rhinitis is an
inflammation of the nasal
mucosa.
Since the mucosa
extends throughout the
respiratory tract, sinus
infections and headaches
become common.
Tonsilitis is an inflammation of the tonsils.
The tonsils function to trap and remove pathogens entering the
throat.
Years ago those having repeated tonsilitis would have their tonsils
removed. However, because of the widespread use of antibiotics, this
is no longer necessary.
Inside the lungs,
the bronchi branch
into bronchioles
which branch into
even smaller
bronchioles. At
the end of each
bronchiole is a
collection of
alveoli. The
alveoli are the site
of gas exchange
in the lungs.
Notice that the alveoli are surrounded by capillaries!
Expiration
Inspiration
During inspiration, air
flows from the
atmosphere down a
pressure gradient into
the lungs, and during
expiration, air flows
from the lungs down the
pressure gradient out to
the atmosphere. This
pressure gradient
results from altering the
volume of the thoracic
cavity and thus altering
the intrapulmonary
pressure.
The lungs are covered by two membranes. The visceral
pleura is the innermost covering over the lungs themselves.
The parietal pleura is an outer covering. In between these two
membranes is pleural fluid that allows the lungs to glide easily
over the thorax wall during the movements of breathing.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura and a drying effect.
The diaphragm is a large
muscle that lies just
posterior to the lungs.
As the diaphragm
contracts it pulls the lungs
downward creating a
vacuum. The vacuum in
turn causes air to be
pulled from the outside
through the conducting
division of the respiratory
system and into the lungs.
Lab: Modeling the Diaphragm
Spirometry measures the amount of air inspired and expired.
During normal breathing,
approximately 500 milliliters
of air are inspired and
expired. This is called the
tidal volume
During forced maximal inspiration, a quantity of air in
addition to the resting tidal volume enters the lungs. This
additional volume is called the inspiratory reserve volume,
and equals about 3,000 milliliters.
During a maximal expiration, about 1,100 milliliters of air in
addition to the resting tidal volume can be expelled from the
lungs. This quantity is called the expiratory reserve volume.
However, even after the most forceful expiration, about 1,200
milliliters of air remain in the lungs. This is called the residual
volume.
A collapsed lung occurs when air enters the pleural space
through a chest wound. The presence of air in the pleural
space is called pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax
is treated by
pulling the air
back out of the
pleural space
allowing the
lung to reinflate
and resume
normal function.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-sZzZ4TMnY
During gas exchange in
the lungs, oxygen
diffuses from the alveoli to
capillaries while carbon
dioxide moves in the
opposite direction. The
blood flow between the
heart and the lungs is the
pulmonary circulation.
The tissues of the rest of
the body are supplied by
the systemic circulation.
Oxygen diffuses to the
tissues, and carbon
dioxide diffuses from the
tissues into the capillaries.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter25/animation__gas_exchange_during_respiration.html
Each red blood cell
contains 280 million
hemoglobin molecules.
Hemoglobin is a folded
protein with four ironcontaining heme groups.
Each heme unit binds with
one oxygen unit. As a
hemoglobin unit becomes
oxygenated, its color
changes to a brighter red.
Collectively, this molecular
color change is evident in
the bright red color
associated with arterial
blood.
O2
Carbon Dioxide Transport and Chloride Movement
(a) In tissues, carbon dioxide enters erythrocytes and reacts with
water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to form bicarbonate
and hydrogen ions.
In the chloride shift, bicarbonate ions are exchanged for chloride
ions. Hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin. Lowering the
concentration of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions inside
erythrocytes promotes
the conversion of
carbon dioxide to
bicarbonate ions.
(b) In the lungs, carbon dioxide leaves erythrocytes, resulting in
the formation of additional carbon dioxide from carbonic acid.
Bicarbonate and hydrogen ions combine to replace the carbonic
acid. The bicarbonate ions are exchanged for chloride ions, and
the hydrogen ions are released from hemoglobin.
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=QP8ImP6NCk8
Hypoxia is the term applied to inadequate oxygen delivery to
body tissues. This condition is characterized by bluish skin in
light-skinned individuals and bluish nails in dark-skinned
individuals.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a type of hypoxia in which
CO competes with oxygen for binding sites in hemoglobin.
Hyperventilation is faster than normal breathing rate.
Hyperventilation
usually occurs as a
result of physical or
emotional stress.
Asthma is a chronic condition
in which various irritants cause
bronchioles to become
inflamed.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKt7d1cRaSo
Chronic Bronchitis
Recurring inflammation
of the bronchial tubes
accompanied by
abnormal production of
mucus. Restricts
movement of air.
Victims use excess
energy to inhale.
Emphysema
Enlarged alveoli due to
broken alveolar walls.
Chronic inflammation
promotes fibrosis of the
lungs. Victims use
excess energy to
exhale.
COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease is a major cause of death in the USA.
Common features:
1. Smoking history
2. Dyspnea (labored breathing)
3. Coughing
4. Frequent pulmonary infections
5. Hypoxnia
6. Respiratory failure
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZUPNv_D_nc
Respiratory Therapist
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hr3QmNbp5Gg
The Truth About Smoking (DE)
Project Lung Cancer!
Get together with a group of friends or
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presentation about lung cancer and
smoking.
Be CREATIVE!
Time your presentation to 5-10 minutes.