Transcript HB_33_win - Stephanie Dietterle Webpage

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Chapter Presentation
Transparencies
Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 33
Fishes and Amphibians
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Fish Body
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Section 3 Amphibians
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Objectives
• Describe the characteristics of modern fishes.
• Summarize how fish obtain oxygen.
• Summarize how blood circulates through a fish.
• Contrast how marine and freshwater fishes balance
their salt and water content.
• Describe two methods of reproduction in fishes.
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Characteristics of Fish
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Key Characteristics of Modern Fishes
• All fishes share certain key characteristics:
1. Gills. Fishes normally obtain oxygen from water
with their gills.
2. Single-loop blood circulation. Blood is pumped
from the heart to the gills through the body and
back to the heart again.
3. Vertebral column (backbone). All fishes have an
internal skeleton made of either cartilage or
bone, with a vertebral column surrounding the
spinal cord.
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Gills
• The major respiratory organ of a fish is the gill. Gills
are made up of rows of gill filaments—fingerlike
projections through which gases enter and leave the
blood.
• The gill filaments hang like curtains between a fish’s
mouth and cheeks. At the rear of the cheek cavity is
an opening called a gill slit.
• In countercurrent flow, water passes over the gills
in one direction as blood flows in the opposite
direction through capillaries in the gills.
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Respiration in Fishes
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Parts of Fish Gills and Countercurrent Flow
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Circulation of Blood
• Fishes have a simple chamber-pump heart:
1. Sinus venosus. This collection chamber acts to
reduce the resistance of blood flow into the heart.
2. Atrium. Blood from the sinus venosus fills this large
chamber, which has thin, muscular walls.
3. Ventricle. Contractions of the ventricle pump the
blood toward the gills.
4. Conus arteriosus. This chamber is a second pump
that smoothes the pulsations and adds still more
force.
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Fish Heart Structure
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Fish Heart and Single-Loop Circulation
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Kidneys
• Although the gills play a major role in maintaining
a fish’s salt and water balance, another key
element is a pair of kidneys.
• Kidneys are organs made up of thousands of
nephrons. Nephrons are tubelike units that
regulate the body’s salt and water balance and
remove metabolic wastes from the blood.
• Excess water and bodily wastes leave the kidneys
in the form of a fluid called urine.
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Fish Kidneys
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Parts of a Nephron
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Chapter 33
Section 1 The Fish Body
Reproduction
• The sexes are separate in most fishes, and generally
fertilization takes place externally.
• In a process called spawning, male and female
gametes are released near one another in the water.
A yolk sac within each egg contains nutrients the
developing embryo will need for growth.
• The eggs of sharks, skates, and rays are fertilized
inside the female’s body.
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Objectives
• Distinguish between the three general categories of
modern fishes.
• Describe the major external and internal
characteristics of the yellow perch.
• Summarize features of bony fishes.
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Jawless Fishes
• Lampreys and hagfishes have scaleless, eel-like
bodies with multiple gill slits and unpaired fins.
• Their skeletons are made of cartilage, a strong
fibrous connective tissue, and both kinds of fishes
retain their notochord into adulthood.
• Hagfishes are scavengers of dead and dying animals
on the ocean bottom.
• Most lampreys are parasitic on other living fishes.
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Cartilaginous Fishes
• Sharks, skates, and rays are cartilaginous fishes.
Their skeletons are made of cartilage strengthened
by the mineral calcium carbonate.
• The shark’s light, streamlined body allows it to move
quickly through the water in search of prey. Its skin
contains cone-shaped placoid scales, which give the
skin a rough texture.
• Two smaller groups of cartilaginous fishes, the skates
and rays, have flattened bodies that are well adapted
to life on the sea floor.
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Characteristics of Bony Fish
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Bony Fishes
• Jawless and cartilaginous fishes are not as diverse
as bony fishes, which are the most numerous of all
the fishes.
• Bony fishes have a fully developed lateral line
system. The lateral line is a sensory system that
extends along each side of a bony fish’s body.
• The lateral line system also enables a fish to detect a
motionless object by the movement of water
deflected by that object.
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Lateral Line in Fishes
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Lateral Line System
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Bony Fishes, continued
• Most bony fishes have a hard
plate, an operculum, that
covers the gills on each side
of the head.
• Movements of certain
muscles and of the opercula
permit a bony fish to draw
water over the gills, which
enables the fish to take in
oxygen.
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Bony Fishes, continued
• Bony fishes contain a special gas sac called a swim
bladder.
• By adjusting the gas content of the swim bladder,
bony fishes can regulate their buoyancy.
• As the swim bladder fills, the fish rises, and as it
empties, the fish sinks.
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Swim Bladder
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
External Structure of Fish—Yellow Perch
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Internal Structure of Fish—Yellow Perch
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Anatomy of a Bony Fish
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Ray-Finned Bony Fishes
• Ray-finned bony fishes comprise the vast majority of
living fishes.
• Their fins are supported by bony structures called
rays.
• Teleosts are the most advanced of the rayfinned
bony fishes. Teleosts have highly mobile fins, very
thin scales, and completely symmetrical tails.
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Ray-Finned Fishes
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Teleost
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Ray-Finned Bony Fishes
• Ray-finned bony fishes comprise the vast majority of
living fishes.
• Their fins are supported by bony structures called
rays.
• Teleosts are the most advanced of the rayfinned
bony fishes. Teleosts have highly mobile fins, very
thin scales, and completely symmetrical tails.
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Chapter 33
Section 2 Today’s Fishes
Lobe-Finned Bony Fishes
• Only seven species of lobe-finned fishes survive
today. One species is the coelacanth and the other
six species are all lungfishes.
• In many lobe-finned fishes, each fin consists of a
long, fleshy, muscular lobe that is supported by a
central core of bones.
• The ancestor of the amphibians most likely was a
third type of lobe-finned fish that is now extinct.
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Objectives
• Summarize the external and internal structures of
the Eastern Lubber grasshopper.
• Compare complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
• Describe the characteristics of insects.
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Characteristics of Amphibians
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Key Characteristics of Modern Amphibians
• Most amphibians share five key characteristics:
1. Legs
2. Lungs
3. Double-loop circulation
4. Partially divided heart
5. Cutaneous respiration
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Key Characteristics of Modern Amphibians,
continued
Lungs
• A lung is an internal, baglike respiratory organ that
allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged
between the air and the bloodstream.
• In amphibians, the lungs are hardly more than sacs
with folds on their inner membrane that increase their
surface area.
• Many amphibians also obtain oxygen through their
thin, moist skin.
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Amphibian Lung Structure
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Respiration in Amphibians
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Key Characteristics of Modern Amphibians,
continued
Double-Loop Circulation
• As amphibians evolved and became active on
land, their circulatory system changed, resulting in
a second circulatory loop.
• Amphibians have a pair of blood vessels not found
in fishes, the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary
veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the
amphibian’s lungs to its heart.
• The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the rest
of the body.
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Key Characteristics of Modern Amphibians,
continued
Double-Loop Circulation
• Circulation in fishes involves a single loop.
Amphibians have a second loop that goes from the
heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Key Characteristics of Modern Amphibians,
continued
Circulation of Blood
• A dividing wall known as the septum separates the
amphibian atrium into right and left halves.
• The septum prevents the complete mixing of oxygenrich and oxygen-poor blood as each enters the heart.
• A number of amphibians have a spiral valve that
divides the conus arteriosus. The spiral valve also
helps to keep the two streams of blood separate as
they leave the heart.
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Amphibian Heart Structure
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Frog Heart and Double-Loop Circulation
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Types of Amphibians
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Frogs and Toads
• The order Anura is made up of frogs and toads that
live in environments ranging from deserts to rain
forests, valleys to mountains, and ponds to puddles.
• Adult anurans are carnivorous, eating a wide variety
of small prey.
• The frog body, particularly its skeleton, is adapted for
jumping, and its long muscular legs provide the
power.
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
External Structure of a Frog—Leopard Frog
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Internal
Structure of a
Frog—Leopard
Frog
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Anatomy of a Frog
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Frogs and Toads, continued
Reproduction in Frogs
• Like most living amphibians, frogs depend on the
presence of water to complete their life cycle.
• The female releases her eggs into the water and a
male’s sperm fertilize them externally.
• After a few days, the fertilized eggs hatch into
swimming, fishlike larval forms called tadpoles.
• Tadpoles develop into adult frogs through the process
of metamorphosis.
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Life Cycle of a Frog
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Amphibian Life Cycle
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Salamanders and Caecilians
• Salamanders have elongated bodies, long tails, and
smooth, moist skin.
• Salamanders lay their eggs in water or in moist
places. Fertilization is usually external.
• Unlike frog and toad larvae, salamander larvae do
not undergo a dramatic metamorphosis.
• The young that hatch from salamander eggs are
carnivorous and resemble small versions of the
adults, except that the young usually have gills.
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Chapter 33
Section 3 Amphibians
Salamanders and Caecilians, continued
Caecilians
• Caecilians (order Apoda) are a highly specialized
group of tropical, burrowing amphibians with small,
bony scales embedded in their skin.
• During breeding, the male deposits sperm directly
into the female. Depending on the species, the
female may bear live young or lay eggs that develop
externally.
• Caecilians are rarely seen, and scientists do not
know a lot about their behavior.
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Chapter 33
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
The diagrams below show two vertebrate circulatory
systems. Arrows indicate the direction of blood flow.
Use the diagrams to answer questions 1–3.
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Chapter 33
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Where are the capillaries labeled X located?
A.
B.
C.
D.
in the gills
in the brain
in the lungs
in other body organs
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Chapter 33
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Where are the capillaries labeled X located?
A.
B.
C.
D.
in the gills
in the brain
in the lungs
in other body organs
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Chapter 33
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. In which environment would you be most likely to
find an animal that has circulatory system B?
F.
G.
H.
J.
deep ocean
coral reef
moist habitat on land
freshwater lake
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Chapter 33
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. In which environment would you be most likely to
find an animal that has circulatory system B?
F.
G.
H.
J.
deep ocean
coral reef
moist habitat on land
freshwater lake
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Chapter 33
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which statement applies to circulatory system A?
A. Blood returns to the heart from the gills before
being pumped to the rest of the body.
B. The body organs receive fully oxygenated blood.
C. A mixture of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
is pumped to the gills.
D. Blood is pumped to the body organs at a higher
pressure than in circulatory system B.
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Chapter 33
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which statement applies to circulatory system A?
A. Blood returns to the heart from the gills before
being pumped to the rest of the body.
B. The body organs receive fully oxygenated blood.
C. A mixture of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
is pumped to the gills.
D. Blood is pumped to the body organs at a higher
pressure than in circulatory system B.
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