Basic Anatomy - es26medic.net
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Basic Anatomy
Aaron J. Katz, AEMT-P, CIC
www.es26medic.net
Outline
General Anatomy
By body region
An overview
Airway Anatomy
Breathing Mechanics
Body Substance Isolation
Some Definitions
Anatomy
Physiology
Study of human structure
Study of human function
Pathophysiology
Study of what happens when normal
physiology does not work correctly
Anatomic Position
Person facing forward with palms facing
forward
Used to provide uniformity in describing
the body and its components
Examples…
Terms of Direction
Posterior
Back
Anterior
Front (belly side)
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Upper part of body
Lower part of body
Toward the midline
Away from the midline
Nearer to the body
Further from the body
(Dorsal)
(Ventral)
Terms of Direction -- 2
Cephalic
Relating to the head
Caudal
Relating to the tail
Erect
Body standing upright
Supine
Lying on the back
Prone
Lying face downward
Laterally recumbent Lying on the side
(Recovery Position)
Movements
Flexion
Decrease in angle between 2 bones
Extension
Increase in angle between 2 bones
Abduction Movement away from the midline
Adduction Movement towards the midline
Positions
Prone
Supine
Fowler’s Position
Semi-Fowler’s Position
Trendelenberg Position
Shock Position
Musculoskeletal System
Three main functions
Divided into two segments
Shape
Protection
Movement
Axial
Appendicular
206 bones
Skull
Skull vs. Cranium
Four parts
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Skull -- 2
Orbits
Nasal bones
Zygoma
Maxilla
Mandible
Spinal Column – 5 divisions
Cervical – 7 “bones”
Thoracic – 12 bones
Lumbar – 5 bones
Sacrum – 5 bones
Coccyx – 4 bones (“fused”)
“Tail”
Thorax
12 pairs of ribs
10 pairs articulate with sternum
2 lowest pairs are called “floating ribs”
Sternum – 3 parts
Manubrium
Sternal “body”
Xyphoid Process
Pelvis
Ilium
Ischium
Posterior portion
Pubis
Acetabulum
Large bone containing the “iliac crests”
Socket of the hip joint
Fractures in the pelvic area are often life
threatening…
Lower Extremities
Femur – thigh
Largest bone of the body
Patella – Knee cap
Tibia – Shin
Fibula
Lower Extremities -- 2
Malleolus
Tarsals
Ankle
Metatarsals
Lateral and medial
Foot
Phalanges
Toes
Lower Extremities -- 3
Arteries
Femoral
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis Pedis
Upper Extremities
Clavicle
Most frequently broken bone in the body
Scapula
Shoulder Girdle
Humerus
Radius / Ulna
Carpals, Metacarpal, Phalanges
Arteries
Brachial, Radial, Ulnar
Joints
Fused
Hinged
Skull
Fontanelles
Fingers, Knee
Ball and Socket
Shoulder
“Hip”
Muscles
Same function as skeleton
Three types of muscles
Voluntary
Under control of brain via the nervous system
Responsible for movement
Involuntary
Responsible to “automatically” control
GI, GU, Blood Vessel Size, Breathing, Heart
“Beat”
Cardiac Muscle
Specialized form of involuntary muscle
Has the property of automaticity
Allows the heart to generate electrical
impulse on its own
Automaticity and heart disease
The Abdomen
Divided into four quadrants
RUQ
LUQ
Stomach, Spleen, Colon
RLQ
Liver, Gallbladder, Colon
Appendix, Colon
LLQ
Colon
The Abdomen -- 2
Small Intestine
Found in all quadrants
Retroperitoneal Organs
Pancreas
Urinary Bladder
Behind RUQ and LUQ
Behind RLQ and LLQ
Kidneys
Above the level of the umbilicus
Abdominopelvic Organs
Hollow
Stomach
Small Intestine
Appendix
Large Intestine (colon)
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Abdominopelvic Organs
Solid
Liver
Spleen
Kidneys
Pancreas
Abdominopelvic Organs
Reproductive
Female
Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, Vagina
Male
Scrotum, Penis
All organs are outside of the body cavity
Airway Anatomy
Mouth / Nose
Oropharynx / Nasopharynx
Pharynx
Throat
Airway Anatomy -- 2
Trachea
“Tube” surrounded by semicircular
cartilage – giving it shape
Top cartilage is the Cricoid Cartilage
Totally surrounds the tube
Many implications in emergency medicine
Ventilation
CPR
…
Airway Anatomy -- 3
Bronchi
3 on the right side
2 on the left side
Bronchioles
Alveoli
One cell thick
Oxygen (O2) in
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) out
O2 and CO2 diffuse to/from capillaries
to/from alveoli – the action is here!
Breathing Mechanics
Inhalation – an active process
CO2 level in the bloodstream rises
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
Ribs and lungs move upward and outward
Lung capacity increases
Causing lower air pressure in the lungs than in the
atmosphere – and therefore –
Air rushes into the lungs – UNTIL
Atmospheric pressure = air pressure in
lungs
Breathing Mechanics -- 2
Exhalation – A passive process
Diaphragm and intercostals move
upward
Ribs and lungs move downward and
inward
Causing higher air pressure in the lungs
than in the atmosphere
Air leaves the lungs
Breathing Mechanics -- 3
CO2 level rises
The entire process begins again
…
Body Substance Isolation
“BSI”
Protect Yourself
and your patient
Gloves
Eye Protection (goggles)
Gown
Use common sense!
But don’t intimidate your patient!