Transcript Chapter 38 - Everglades High School

Chapter 38
Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Circulatory System
Section 2 The Heart
Section 3 The Respiratory System
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Objectives
• List five types of molecules that are transported by
the cardiovascular system.
• Differentiate between arteries, capillaries, and veins.
• Relate the function of the lymphatic system to the
functions of the cardiovascular and immune systems.
• Relate each component of blood to its function.
• Summarize how a person’s blood type is
determined.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Transport and Distribution
• The human cardiovascular system functions like a
network of highways.
• The circulatory system, which includes the
cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, transports
nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes to
different parts of the body.
• The respiratory system takes in oxygen, O2, and
releases carbon dioxide, CO2.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Cardiovascular System
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Blood Vessels
• Blood circulates through the body through a network
of vessels.
• Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away
from the heart.
• Veins are blood vessels that carry the blood back to
the heart.
• Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow the
exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, and other
molecules in the blood.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Blood Vessels
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Blood Vessels, continued
Arteries
• Arteries have thick, elastic walls that can withstand
the heart’s forceful pumping of blood. An artery’s wall
expands when blood in pumped into it and then
returns to its original size.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Blood Vessels, continued
Capillaries
• No cell in the human body is more than a few cell
diameters away from a capillary.
• Capillary walls are only one cell thick. Gas and
nutrient molecules pass easily through their thin
walls.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Blood Vessels, continued
Veins
• The walls of veins are much thinner than the walls of
arteries. Veins are farther from the heart and
exposed to lower pressures. Veins are larger in
diameter than arteries.
• Most veins have one-way valves. A valve is a flap of
tissue that ensures that blood that passes through
does not flow backwards.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Blood Vessels, continued
Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic system collects and recycles fluids
leaked from the cardiovascular system. It is involved
in fighting infections.
• The lymphatic system is made up of a network of
vessels called lymphatic vessels and tiny beanshaped structures called lymph nodes. Lymph nodes
may become swollen when they are fighting infection.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Movement of Lymph
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Components of Blood
• Blood contains water, a variety of molecules
dissolved or suspended in the water, and three kinds
of cells.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Components of Blood, continued
Plasma
• Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. It contains water
and solutes, including metabolites and wastes, salts,
and proteins.
• Some plasma proteins enable blood clots to form.
Other plasma proteins are antibodies that help the
body fight disease.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Components of Blood, continued
Blood Cells and Cell Fragments
• Red blood cells carry oxygen. Anemia is a condition
in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is
reduced.
• White blood cells defend the body against disease.
• Platelets are cell fragments that play an important
role in blood clotting.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Blood Clotting Cascade
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Anemia
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Components of Blood, continued
Blood Type
• The ABO blood group system is used to determine
blood type. Under this system, the primary blood
types are A, B, AB, and O. The letters A and B refer
to antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
• Blood transfusion recipients must receive blood that
is compatible with their own blood type.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Components of Blood, continued
Rh Factor
• Rh factor is another important antigen on the surface
of red blood cells. Persons who have this protein are
Rh+. Persons who lack it are Rh-.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 1 The Circulatory
System
Blood and Blood Type
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Objectives
• Differentiate the pulmonary circulation loop from the
systemic circulation loop.
• Summarize the path that blood follows through the
heart.
• Name the cluster of heart cells that initiates
contraction of the heart.
• Describe three ways to monitor the health of the
circulatory system.
• Name two vascular diseases, and identify factors that
contribute to their development.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
A Muscular Pump
• The pumping action of the heart provides enough
pressure to move blood throughout the body.
• The heart is made up mostly of cardiac muscle
tissue, which contracts to pump blood.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
A Muscular Pump, continued
Two Separate Circulatory Loops
• The right side of the heart drives the pulmonary
circulation loop, which pumps oxygen-poor blood to
the lungs.
• The left side of the heart drives the systemic
circulation loop, which pumps oxygen-rich blood to
the tissues of the body.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Circulatory Loops in the Human Body
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Systemic Circulation
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Circulation of Blood
• The left and right atria are chambers that receive
blood returning to the heart. Below the atria are the
left and right ventricles, thick-walled chambers that
pump blood away from the heart.
• The inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
deliver blood directly into the right atrium of the heart.
The aorta is a large artery that carries blood away
from the heart. The coronary arteries supply the
heart with oxygen-rich blood.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Circulation of Blood, continued
Initiating Contraction
• Contraction of the heart is initiated by a small cluster
of cardiac muscle cells called the sinoatrial node.
• The sinoatrial node is embedded in the upper wall of
the right atrium. The SA node is influenced by many
factors, including hormones, temperature, and
exercise.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Electrical Regulation of the Heart
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Circulation of Blood, continued
Monitoring the Cardiovascular System
• Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood as it
moves through blood vessels. The pulse is a series
of pressure waves within an artery caused by the
contractions of the left ventricle.
• A heart attack occurs when an area of the heart
muscle stops working and dies. When an area of the
brain dies the result is a stroke.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Electrocardiogram
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Heart Attack
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 2 The Heart
Stroke
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Objectives
• Summarize the path that air follows when it enters
the body through the nose or mouth.
• Describe the role of the rib muscles and diaphragm
in breathing.
• Describe how breathing rate is regulated.
• Summarize how oxygen and carbon dioxide are
transported in the blood.
• Identify three serious diseases of the lungs.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Gas Exchange
• During aerobic respiration, cells must take in oxygen
to oxidize glucose and make ATP.
• Cells must also release carbon dioxide, a waste
product of aerobic respiration.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Gas Exchange, continued
The Path of Air
• From the nose, air passes through a muscular tube in
the upper throat called the pharynx. The air flows
through a passageway for air called the larynx.
• Air then passes into the trachea. The trachea divides
into two smaller tubes, the bronchi, which lead to the
lungs. Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs in
clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
The Human Respiratory System
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Gas Exchange, continued
Lungs
• The lungs are suspended in the chest cavity,
bounded on the sides by the ribs and on the bottom
by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a muscle
spanning the rib cage under the lungs.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Parts of the Human Respiratory System
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Alveolus/Alveoli
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Breathing
• Air is drawn into and pushed out of the lungs by the
mechanical process known as breathing.
• When the diaphragm contracts, it moves down and
air rushes into the lungs. When the diaphragm
relaxes, it moves up and air is forced out.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Inhalation and Exhalation
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Breathing, continued
Breathing Rate
• Receptors in the brain and cardiovascular system
continually monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the blood. The receptors send nerve
signals to the brain.
• The brain responds by sending signals to the
diaphragm to speed or slow the rate of breathing.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Respiration
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Gas Transport
• After oxygen molecules enter the alveoli, they are
picked up by red blood cells containing hemoglobin.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Gas Transport, continued
Oxygen Transport
• In the lungs, hemoglobin molecules in the blood pick
up oxygen. The blood travels to the heart, then to the
rest of the body.
• In body tissues, oxygen diffuses into the cells for use
during aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses
from the cells into the blood. In the lungs, carbon
dioxide is released.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Hemoglobin and the Transport of Oxygen
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Gas Transport, continued
Carbon Dioxide Transport
• Carbon dioxide, CO2, is carried by the blood in three
forms: dissolved in blood plasma, attached to
hemoglobin molecules, or as bicarbonate ions.
• The CO2 ultimately diffuses out of the capillaries into
the alveoli and is exhaled into the atmosphere.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Blood and the Transport of Carbon Dioxide
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
O2 and CO2 in the
Blood
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Respiratory Diseases
• Respiratory diseases affect millions of Americans.
•
A chronic pulmonary—or lung—disease is one for
which there is no cure.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Respiratory Diseases, continued
Asthma
• Asthma is a chronic condition in which the
bronchioles of the lungs become inflamed, resulting
in a narrowing of the airways.
• Prescribed inhalant medicines can help to stop an
asthma attack by expanding the bronchioles.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Asthma
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Respiratory Diseases, continued
Emphysema
• Emphysema is a chronic pulmonary disease resulting
from a chemical imbalance that destroys elastic fibers
in the lungs. Emphysema damages or destroys the
alveoli, causing constant fatigue and breathlessness.
• Smoking causes up to 90 percent of emphysema
cases.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Emphysema
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Respiratory Diseases, continued
Lung Cancer
• Lung cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal
cell growth.
• Smoking is the major cause of lung cancer.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Section 3 The Respiratory
System
Lung Cancer
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Use the chart below and your knowledge of science to
answer questions 1–3.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. A person who consumes 23 g of salt per day is likely
to have a systolic pressure of about
A.
B.
C.
D.
120 mm Hg.
130 mm Hg.
140 mm Hg.
150 mm Hg.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. A person who consumes 23 g of salt per day is likely
to have a systolic pressure of about
A.
B.
C.
D.
120 mm Hg.
130 mm Hg.
140 mm Hg.
150 mm Hg.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. People with a normal systolic pressure likely have a
daily salt intake that does not exceed
F.
G.
H.
J.
4 g.
16 g.
19 g.
27 g.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. People with a normal systolic pressure likely have a
daily salt intake that does not exceed
F.
G.
H.
J.
4 g.
16 g.
19 g.
27 g.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What conclusion can be drawn from the chart?
A. Increasing one’s salt intake leads to an increased
systolic pressure.
B. Raising one’s systolic pressure leads to a greater
appetite for salt.
C. A person can control hypertension by consuming
more salt.
D. A daily salt intake of 10 g or less is associated
with a risk to health.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 38
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What conclusion can be drawn from the chart?
A. Increasing one’s salt intake leads to an increased
systolic pressure.
B. Raising one’s systolic pressure leads to a greater
appetite for salt.
C. A person can control hypertension by consuming
more salt.
D. A daily salt intake of 10 g or less is associated
with a risk to health.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.