Transcript Immunity
Health Psychology 8th edition Shelley E. Taylor Chapter Two: The Systems of the Body McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System Overview The Nervous System Central Nervous System: This system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. 2-2 Peripheral Nervous System: This system is made up of the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System (cont.) The Brain: - hindbrain: -medulla, pons, cerebellum - midbrain: -major pathway for sensory and motor impulses moving between forebrain and hindbrain 2-3 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System (cont.) The Brain (cont.): - forebrain: - diencephalons - thalamus - hypothalamus - telecephalon: -2 hemispheres of cerebral cortex 2-4 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System (cont.) The Brain (cont.): -Limbic system: - Amygdala: - detection of threat - Hippocampus: - emotional memories - Cingulate gyrus, Septum, areas of the Hypothalamus: - emotional functioning 2-5 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System (cont.) Neurotransmitters: - chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning - Catecholamines: - epinephrine and norepinephrine - promote sympathetic nervous system activity - released during stressful times 2-6 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nervous System (cont.) Disorders of the Nervous System: - Epilepsy - Cerebral palsy - Parkinson’s disease - Multiple sclerosis - Huntington’s disease - Polio - Paraplegia, quadriplegia - Dementia 2-7 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Endocrine System Overview: - complements nervous system in controlling bodily activities - regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland 2-8 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fig. 2.3 The Endocrine System 2-9 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Endocrine System (cont.) Adrenal Glands: - small glands at top of each kidney - each gland composed of adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex - produces epinephrine and norepinephrine 2-10 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Endocrine System (cont.) Disorders involving the Endocrine System: - Diabetes: - body cannot manufacture/properly use insulin - Type I: insulin-dependent diabetes - Type II: insufficient insulin or sensitivity to it 2-11 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cardiovascular System Overview: - heart, blood vessels and blood - transport system of the body - arteries carry blood from heart to other organs and tissues - veins return blood to the heart after the oxygen has been depleted 2-12 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cardiovascular System (cont.) The Heart 2-13 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cardiovascular System (cont.) The Heart: - functions as a pump - left side takes in blood with oxygen from the lungs - blood is pumped into the aorta and then passes into smaller vessels to reach cells - oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for waste material 2-14 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cardiovascular System (cont.) Disorders of the Cardiovascular System: - Artherosclerosis: - narrowing of the arteries - clinical manifestations: - Angina Pectoris: chest pain - Myocardial Infarction: heart attack - Ischemia: lack of blood flow - other disorders: -Congestive heart failure (CHF) -Arrhythmia 2-15 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cardiovascular System (cont.) Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.): - Rheumatic Fever: - bacterial infection that can spread to the heart - may cause endocarditis, inflammation of the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart 2-16 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cardiovascular System (cont.): Blood pressure: - force that blood exerts against the blood vessel walls Blood: - adult body contains 5 liters of blood - consists of plasma and cells manufactured in bone marrow - disorders: - related to white cell production - related to red cell production - related to clotting 2-17 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Respiratory System Structure and Function: - respiration (breathing) has 3 functions: - to take in oxygen - to excrete carbon dioxide - to regulate the composition of the blood - involves a number of organs: - nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, diaphragm, abdominal muscles and lungs - inspiration is active; expiration is passive 2-18 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fig. 2.6 The Respiratory System 2-19 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Respiratory System (cont.) Disorders of the Respiratory System: - Hay Fever - Asthma - Viral infections - Bacterial infections - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Pneumonia - Tuberculosis and Pleurisy - Lung Cancer 2-20 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Digestive System Functioning of the Digestive System: - food - metabolism - absorption of food - accumulation of food residue 2-21 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fig. 2.7 The Digestive System 2-22 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Digestive System (cont.) Disorders of the Digestive System: - gastroesophageal reflux disease - gastroenteritis, diarrhea and dysentery - peptic ulcer - appendicitis - Hepatitis 2-23 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Renal System Overview: - consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra - regulates bodily fluids by removing surplus water, surplus electrolytes and the waste products generated by the metabolism of food 2-24 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Renal System (cont.) Disorders of the Renal System: - Urinary tract infections: - if untreated, may lead to more serious infections - Acute glomerular nephritis: - usually a secondary response to a strep infection - Tubular necrosis: - when cells in the tubules of the kidneys are destroyed, acute renal shut-down can occur - Kidney failure: - treatments include: artificial kidney, transplant, kidney dialysis 2-25 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Reproductive System Ovaries and Testes: - Females: - two ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone - one ovary produces an ovum (egg) each month - if ovum isn’t fertilized, it is flushed out of the system during menstruation - Males: - pituitary controls production of testosterone by the testes - Testosterone brings about the production of sperm and secondary sex characteristics 2-26 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Reproductive System (cont.) Fertilization and Gestation: - sperm ejaculated into vagina during intercourse proceed upward through uterus into fallopian tubes - one sperm may fertilize ovum, which travels down a fallopian tube and embeds in uterine wall - human gestation continues for nine months 2-27 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Reproductive System (cont.) Disorders of the Reproductive System: - sexually transmitted diseases - chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women - cancer - disorders of the menstrual cycle - fertility problems 2-28 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Reproductive System (cont). Genetics and Health: - genetic studies: - twin research vs. adopted children help identify characteristics produced genetically vs. environmentally - genetic disorders: - genetic contributions to obesity and alcoholism Genetics and Health Psychology: - genetic counseling 2-29 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Immune System Infection: - the invasion of microbes and their growth in the body - Four means of infection: - direct transmission - indirect transmission - biological transmission - mechanical transmission 2-30 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Immune System (cont.) The course of infection: - incubation period - period of nonspecific symptoms - acute phase (disease is at its height): - fatality or a period of decline during which invading organisms are expelled 2-31 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Immune System (cont.) Immunity: - body’s resistance to injury from invading organisms - develops naturally or artificially - nonspecific immune mechanisms and specific immune mechanisms - phagocytosis- certain white blood cells ingest microbes . 2-32 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Immune System (cont.) Humoral immunity: - mediated by B lymphocytes Cell-mediated immunity: - involving T lymphocytes Lymphatic System’s role in immunity: - drainage system of the body - spleen, tonsils, thymus gland are important organs 2-33 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Immune System (cont.) Disorders related to the Immune System: - AIDS - progressive impairment of immunity - cancer - depends heavily on immunocompromise - diseases of the Immune System - infectious disorders: - elephantiasis, splenomegaly, tonsillitis, mononucleosis, lymphoma - autoimmunity 2-34 © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.