Transcript Cells and Tissues

Biology
The study of Living Things
Characteristics of
Living Things
– Made of cells
– Obtain and use energy
– Grow and develop
– Reproduce
– Respond to their environment
– Adapt to their environment
Cells
• Make up all living things
• Basic units of structure and function
• Humans are made of trillions of cells
and there are hundreds of different
types.
Two Classifications of Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells
– 1st form of life
– No nucleus
– Only form
Unicellular
organisms (one
celled)
– Example: Bacteria
• Eukaryotic Cells
– Formed from
prokaryotes
– Have a nucleus
– Form unicellular and
multi-cellular
organisms.
– Example: Plants and
animals
Types of Living Things
• Unicellular
organisms
– Function by itself
without need of
other cells for
survival
• Bacteria
• Protozoa
• Unicellular algae,
fungi and yeast
• pathogens
• Multi-cellular
organisms
– Made of many cells
that are specialized
and work together
to function and
survive.
• Plants and animals
Cell Organelles
Structure
Function
– Cell Membrane:
Outer cell lining for protection
– Cytoplasm:
Liquid that organelles float in
– Nucleus:
Control center with DNA
– Nuclear Membrane:
Surrounds and protects nucleus
– Vacuoles:
Stores water and other nutrients in
plant cells
Cell Organelles
Structure
Function
– Mitochondria:
Produces energy (ATP)
– Ribosomes:
Makes proteins
– Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Transports proteins throughout cell
– Golgi Apparatus:
Stores, modifies and secretes
proteins
– Cell Wall:
Gives Plant cells structure
and support to maintain
shape
Cell Organelles
Structure
Function
– Chloroplast:
Produces energy through
photosynthesis in Plant cells
– Microtubules
protein filaments involved in cell
movement, shape, and cell division.
– Centrioles
contain microtubules and involved in
cell division.
– Lysosomes
helps with animal cell digestion
– Chromosomes
strands of DNA inside the nucleus.
Animal Cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Plant Cells
Cells Make Tissues
•
A group of similar cells working together
•
4 types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial tissue
Nervous
Muscle
Connective
Epithelial Tissue
• Covers and protects underlying tissue
• Ex. - Skin
Nervous Tissue
• Sends electrical signals through the
body
• Found in the brain, nerves and sense
organs
Muscle Tissue
• Made of cells that can contract and
relax to produce movement
• 3 Types: Skeletal, Smooth, and
Cardiac
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac - only found in the heart
• Smooth - line the wall of structures
inside the body
• Skeletal - makes the body move
Connective Tissue
• Joins, supports, protects, insulates,
nourishes, and cushions organs
• Keeps organs from falling apart
ORGANS
• Two or more tissues working together
• Organs that work together make up an
organ system
• The body has 12 major organ systems
Integumentary System
• Skin, hair and nails
• Main function is
protection
• Helps regulate body
temperature
• Helps remove waste
from the body
• Produces Vitamin D
• Receives stimuli such
as pressure, heat, cold
and pain
Muscular System
• The human body
contains more than
650 individual muscles
• The muscular system
provides movement for
the body
• Muscles can be
voluntary or
involuntary
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle – Attached to the
skeleton and moves parts of the body
• Smooth Muscle – Usually involuntary
and found in internal organs
• Cardiac Muscle – Only found in the
heart
Skeletal System
• Provides structure
• Supports and protects
the body
• Allows bodily
movement – attached
to muscles
• Produces red blood
cells– an average of 2.6
million cells each
second
• Stores minerals – such
as calcium and
phosphorus
Skeletal System
• Bones - More than
206 bones in the
human body.
• Ligaments attaches bone to
bone
• Tendons - attaches
muscle to bone
• Cartilage
Circulatory/Cardiovascular
System
• Heart, blood and blood
vessels (arteries, veins
and capillaries)
• Transports blood
(oxygen and nutrients)
throughout the body
Respiratory System
• Nose, larynx, pharynx,
trachea, lungs, bronchi
• Diaphram - muscle that
helps w/breathing
• Takes in oxygen and
releases carbon
dioxide
Nervous System
• Central Nervous
System - brain and
spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous
System - Nerve cells
(neurons)
• Sends and receives
messages (electrical
impulses) to and from
the brain.
Lymphatic/Immune System
• Lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes,
thymus gland,
tonsils, spleen
• Returns excess
fluid in the body to
the bloodstream.
• Helps fight against
pathogens
Immune System
• Collection of cells,
tissues and organs,
including the lymphatic
system
• White Blood Cells
called lymphocytes (B
cells and T cells)
produced in bone
marrow.
• Protects against
infection by
identifying and killing
pathogens.
Digestive System
• Digestive Tract Mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large
intestine, rectum, anus
• Liver, pancreas, and
gall bladder helps with
digestion
• Receives and breaks
down food, absorbs
nutrients, and
excretes waste.
Endocrine System
• Regulates body functions
• Glands and hormones
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Pituitary: Master gland
Hypothalamus: Brain
Thyroid: Metabolism
Parathyroids: Regulates
calcium in blood.
Adrenal: Produces
adrenaline
Pineal: Secretes melatonin
Ovaries/Testes:
Reproduction
Pancreas: Produces insulin
to maintain blood glucose
level.
Urinary System
• 2 Kidneys, 2 ureters,
urinary bladder and
urethra.
• Filters and cleans
blood
• Produces, stores and
eliminates urine.
Homeostasis
• Regulation of a living systems internal
environment to maintain a stable constant
normal condition.
• Required for living systems to be healthy
and function normally.
• Controlled by “Feedback Mechanisms”
– Receptors that either start or stop a reaction
using enzymes.
Feedback Mechanisms
Examples
• Increase in heart rate and respiration
during exercise to get more oxygen to
cells.
• Sweating to maintain a normal body
temperature.
• Release of insulin by the pancreas to
regulate blood glucose (sugar) levels.
• Plants regulating water loss and CO2 intake
for photosynthesis and other life activities.