Transcript 31-2 - Biology

Biology
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31-2 Birds
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Phylogeny of Chordates
Sharks
& their
Jawless
relatives
fishes
Nonvertebrate
chordates
Bony
fishes
Reptiles Birds
Amphibians
Mammals
Invertebrate ancestor
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31-2 Birds
What Is a Bird?
What Is a Bird?
• Birds are reptile like animals that maintain a constant
internal body temperature;
• Outer covering of feathers;
• two legs that are covered with scales and are used for
walking or perching;
•front limbs modified into wings.
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31-2 Birds
• The single most important characteristic that separates
birds from reptiles and other living animals is feathers.
• Feathers are made mostly of protein and develop from pits
in the bird’s skin.
- Feathers help birds fly and keep them warm.
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31-2 Birds
What Is a Bird?
Feathers
• two main types of feathers are contour and down.
Barb
Contour feather: Contour
feathers provide the lifting force
and balance needed for flight.
Down feather: Down
feathers trap air close to the
body and keep the bird warm.
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Barbule: The hooks on
each barbule fit together,
holding them flat.
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31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Form, Function, and Flight
p808-812
Adaptations for flight:
• aerodynamic feathers and wings
• strong, lightweight bones
• strong chest muscles
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31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Body Temperature Control
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• Birds can generate their own body heat.
• Animals that can generate their own body heat are called
endotherms.
• Endotherms include birds, mammals and some other
animals.
• Endotherms have a high rate of metabolism as compared
to ectotherms. Metabolism creates heat.
• Body temp of a bird is about 41 degrees C.
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31-2 Birds
Feeding
• Birds eat a lot relative to their size.
• The phrase “eats like a bird” is misleading.
• Birds bills or peaks are adapted to the type of food they
eat. For example:
• Birds eating insects have short fine bills
• Birds eating seeds have short thick bills.
• Long thin bills can be used for gathering nectar from flowers or
probing soft mud for worms and shellfish.
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31-2 Birds
Feeding
Digestive system of a bird:
• bill, mouth
• esophagus
• crop
• two part stomach which includes the gizzard.
• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas
• small intestine
• large intestine, cloaca
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31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Esophagus
Crop
When a bird eats,
food moves down
the esophagus and
is stored in the crop.
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31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
First chamber of stomach
Gizzard
Moistened food passes
to the stomach, a twopart chamber.
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31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Small intestine
Large intestine
As digestion
continues, the food
moves through the
intestines.
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31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Cloaca
Undigested food is
expelled through
the cloaca
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31-2 Birds
Respiration
• When a bird inhales most air first enters large posterior air
sacs in the body cavity and bones.
• The inhaled air then moves through the lungs in a series of
small tubes. These tubes are lined with specialized
tissue, where gas exchange takes place.
• The complex system of air sacs and breathing tubes
ensures that air flows into the air sacs and out through the
lungs in a single direction.
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31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Respiration
Air flows in a single direction.
The one-way flow of air:
•
constantly exposes the lungs to oxygen-rich air.
•
maintains a high metabolic rate.
•
provides efficient extraction of oxygen, which enables
birds to fly at high altitudes where the air is thin (oxygen
poor).
Most land vertebrates including us have a two way air flow
system. We breath in oxygenated air and breath out
oxygen poor air.
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31-2 Birds
How does birds respiratory system differ from that of
most land vertebrates?
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31-2 Birds
Circulation
• Birds have a 4 chambered heart
(like us) and two separate
circulatory loops.
• There is complete separation of
oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
• One half of the heart receives
oxygen rich blood and the other half
of the heart receives oxygen poor
blood.
• This double-loop system ensures
that oxygen collected by the lungs
is distributed to the body tissue with
maximum efficiency.
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loop 1
loop 2
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31-2 Birds
Draw a 4 chambered heart with the two loops.
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31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Excretion
• Excretion in birds is similar to that of reptiles.
• Nitrogenous wastes are removed from the
blood by the kidneys, converted to uric acid, and
deposited in the cloaca.
• Most of the water is reabsorbed, leaving uric acid
crystals in a white, pasty form.
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31-2 Birds
Response
• Birds have well developed sense organs.
• Birds have a brain that can quickly interpret and respond to
a lot of incoming signals. A bird’s brain is relatively large for
its body size.
• Cerebrum is large – controls behaviors such as flying, nest
building, care of young, courtship and mating.
• Cerebellum is also well developed – required for precise
coordinated mov’ts
(cerebrum)
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31-2 Birds
Response
• Medulla oblongata – coordinates basic body processes,
such as the heart beat
• Eyes are well developed and the optic lobes in the brain
are well developed. Birds can see colors.
• Birds can hear quite well.
• Sense of taste and smell are not well developed in most
birds – the olfactory bulbs in a bird’s brain are small.
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31-2 Birds
Video Crows are smart (2min):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URZ_EciujrE
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31-2 Birds
Movement
• Some birds can not fly. Instead they get around by walking
or running – ex. Ostriches or by swimming like penguins.
• Observe a birds skeleton.
• What is the skeletal difference btw a bird that can fly and
one that can not?
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31-2 Birds
Form, Function, and Flight
Skeletal System
of a Bird
Vertebra
Skull
Collarbone
(wishbone)
Pelvic girdle
Strut
Tailbone
Pectoral griddle
Air
space
Sternum
Rib cage
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Form, Function, and Flight
•
Bones are
strengthened by struts.
•
Air spaces make bones
lightweight.
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31-2 Birds
Reproduction
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• Male and female reproductive tracts open into the cloaca.
• Mating birds press their cloacas together to transfer sperm
from the male to the female.
• Some male birds have a penis that transfers sperm to the
female’s cloaca.
• Birds eggs are amniotic eggs. Most birds incubate their
eggs until the eggs hatch.
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31-2 Birds
Reproduction
• When the chick is ready to hatch, it uses a small tooth on its
bill to make a hole in the shell.
• Chicks are born with feathers.
• Both parents may be involved in feeding the chick.
• Do birds have internal or external fertilization?
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31-2 Birds
Groups of Birds
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• 30 different Orders of birds
• (Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Aves – class
Aves is split into 30 different Orders)
• Figure 31-19 Overview some of the types of birds:
• pelicans and their
relatives, parrots, birds
of prey, perching birds,
cavity-nesting birds,
herons and their
relatives, ostriches and
their relatives.
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31-2 Birds
Ecology of Birds
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• B/c birds are so diverse and numerous they interact with
natural ecosystems in different ways. Examples:
•
Hummingbirds pollinate flowers.
•
Fruit eating birds swallow seeds but do not digest them,
so their droppings disperse seeds over great distances.
•
Insect eating birds control the population of bugs such as
mosquitos.
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31-2 Birds
• List 2 other ways in which birds interact with natural
ecosystems.
• Read Chapter 31 and do all of the assessment questions at
the end of the chapter.
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31-2
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31-2
A bird with a short, thick bill probably eats
a. fish.
b. seeds.
c. insects.
d. fleshy fruit.
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31-2
Archaeopteryx has characteristics of both
a. modern birds and ancient birds.
b. amphibians and reptiles.
c. reptiles and modern birds.
d. amphibians and modern birds.
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31-2
Which of the following bird adaptations is NOT
associated with flight?
a. bones with many hollow air spaces
b. air sacs in addition to lungs
c. gizzard
d. contour feathers
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31-2
Which of the following birds assists in pollinating
flowering plants?
a. pelican
b. hummingbird
c. raptor
d. heron
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