Transcript BODY SYSTEMS

BODY SYSTEMS
CELLSTISSUESORGANS
SYSTEMS
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Skin, hair, nails
• Serves as a barrier to outside invaders
• Largest organ in the body
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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Heart-pumps blood
Arteries-high pressure, high O2 vessels
Veins-low pressure, low O2 vessels
Capillaries-tiniest vessels that allow gases and
nutrients to pass through.
• Blood-red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood
cells, platelets, plasma.
• Main function: Distribute nutrients to body
tissues, deliver waste products for elimination.
HEART
• 4 chambers
• Cardiac muscle tissue does not repair
itself when
damaged.
VEINS AND ARTERIES
Veins-low pressure,
Low O2, high CO2
Return blood to lungs for gas
exchange
Arteries- high pressure
high O2 –delivers
oxygen to body tissues
Both vessels are elastic,
and lined with muscle
tissue.
BLOOD
Solid Portion = Cells
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)-contain a
hemoglobin and iron complex that binds
oxygen. They transport oxygen through
the body.
• White blood cells- many types, role is to
fight infection
– T-cells- first responder cell, alerts immune
system of infection, target of AIDS virus.(HIV)
*Mature in the thymus
– B-cells-make antibodies to fight infection,
stimulated into action by vaccinations.
*Mature in the bone marrow
Members of 2 systems: Immune and Circulatory
• Platelets- fragments of large
megakaryocytes, aid in clotting
BLOOD
Liquid portion = Plasma
• Contains antibodies, proteins and water
• Straw colored liquid
• All blood cells are made in the bone
marrow.
RESIPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli, diaphragm
• Function: provide way of gas exchange
(passive transport)
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Bronchioles
– Alveoli
– Diaphragm
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Provides structure for body
and protection for
vital organs.
*Stores minerals such as
Ca2+ and Mg2+
*Manufactures blood cells
*Joints allow for flexibility
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle -allows for movement of body
• Voluntary muscle
– Fibers are
elastic
– Will repair
themselves
when damaged.
*Attached to bone by
tendons and
ligaments.
• Cardiac muscle- present in heart tissue
• Involuntary muscle
– Has intercalated discs
which allow for electrical
conduction.
• Does not repair itself
when damaged
• Smooth muscle -lines all tubes and most
internal organs
• Involuntary muscle
– Thin layers allow for stretching
of internal organs, and
permit peristalsis.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Mouth, teeth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine,
large intestine,
rectum, anus.
*Function: to break
down and absorb
nutrients for use
by the body.
• Breakdown of food begins in the mouth.
• Food passes then through the esophagus
and into the stomach.
• The food is mixed with digestive enzymes
in the stomach and released a little at a
time into the small intestine.
• Small Intestine -lined with intestinal villi to
increase intestinal surface area, thus
increasing nutrient absorption.
• Function: absorb nutrients into the
bloodstream through capillaries in villi.
• Large Intestine- absorbs remaining water
from fecal matter before elimination
through rectum and anus.
• Accessory digestive organs include:
• Liver-secretes bile to break down fats,
filters toxins from digested food and drink
• Gallbladder- stores bile secreted by liver
• Pancreas-secretes insulin to metabolize
glucose (failure to secrete insulin results in
diabetes)
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Lymph nodes, lymph, white blood cells,
spleen, antibodies
• Function: to recognize foreign tissue and
antigens and destroy them.
• Lymph nodes and lymphnodes are at all body
intersections.
They trap invaders
and put them in
contact with
antibodies. Lymph is
a clear liquid that
carries antibodies
through lymphatic
circulation.
Tonsils and adenoids are
modified lymph nodes.
• White blood cells- specialized blood cells
that recognize and destroy certain
antigens.
• Spleen- puts antibodies in contact with
antigen as blood flows through. Also
recycles red blood cells.
• Antibodies-proteins made by B-cells.
Production is promoted by vaccinations
and exposure to viruses.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Composed of glands and organs.
• Function: to send chemical signals
(hormones) through the bloodstream to
target organs.
– Example:
adrenaline
from adrenal
glands
• Endocrine glands include:
– Pituitary-regulates growth
– Pancreas-regulates insulin
– Adrenal-secretes
adrenalin-“fight or flight”
hormone
– Thyroid-regulates
metabolism
*Testes- testosterone (male)
*Ovaries- estrogen (female)
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• Function: rid the body of liquid waste
• Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder,
urethra
• The kidneys work to filter
liquid waste from blood.
This waste is urine, and
it is stored in the bladder
until evacuation.
• The blood to be filtered is supplied by the
largest vessels. The smallest vessels, the
capillaries in the kidneys, is where filtration
takes place as a result of passive
transport.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Function: to control body functions such as
movement, problem solving, response to
stimuli.
• Organs: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral
nerves
• Nerve cells
Send electrical
signals
• Certain body functions are controlled by
certain areas of the brain and spinal cord.
Some of these functions are involuntary
and some are voluntary.
• The brain is divided into hemispheres and
lobes. The lobes correspond with function.
• Brain cells do not regenerate.
Emotion & Memory
Thought
Vision Movement Hearing
Left Hemisphere Right hemisphere
SPINAL CORD
• The spinal cord is protected by the
vertebral column.
• Damage to the spinal
cord results in loss
of function. Spinal
Nerves do not regenerate.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Function: reproduction of individuals of a
species
Female organs:
Uterus, ovaries,
vagina
Male organs:
Penis, testes
• Fertilization of haploid ovum (female) by
haploid sperm (male) results in diploid
zygote. The zygote continues to develop
with specific tissue differentiation until the
fetus is full term and ready to be born.
• Mammary glands in the female are
actually modified sweat glands. They are
used to produce nourishment for the baby
upon its birth. This milk also has protective
antibodies that the baby needs to protect it
from infection due to its immature immune
system.
Teacher Notes
• Since TAKS often concentrates on how the
systems relate to each other, Venn diagrams
and other graphic organizers lend themselves
well as activities. Some organs are members of
more than one system, and all are
interconnected.
• Begin by having students find commonalities
between pairs of systems, and then expand to
finding how they depend on each other.
• Have the students bring their graphic organizers
to their science teachers for extra credit!
IDEAS for Graphic Organizers
• Venn Diagrams
• Organization by common function
*Which systems work to eliminate waste?
*Which systems are dependent on
chemical messages? (Hormones)
*Which systems affect movement?
*If one system was removed, what would
be the result? Etc, etc.