Transcript Cells - SchoolRack

Science TAKS Notebook
Objective 2
th
11 Grade
Organization of Living
Systems
Cell Parts
Cell membrane – regulates what goes in and
out of the cell. (like a gate on a fence)
Nucleus - contains DNA (ribosomes are made in
nucleolus)
Mitochondria produces energy in the form of
ATP. Body cells that need large amounts of energy
have many mitochondria.
Vacuole – stores nutrients or water in a plant or
animal cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – Proteins are
made here using ribosomes (found on rough ER)


Cell Parts
Golgi apparatus –
“packages”
proteins and fats for “shipment” to
organelles and out of the cell
Cell Wall- (plants,bacteria) made of
cellulose, gives support
Chloroplast – (plants) photosynthesis
occurs here
(CO2 and H2O combine


to make sugars and oxygen)
Flagella – (whip-like) and Cilia (hair-like) are
structures for mobility. (They help the cell
move.)

Name the parts.
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
4
5
1
4
2
5
6
3
8
7
TAKS QUESTION Cell Parts
 Cell
membranes perform all the
following functions except —
A
making nutrients for cells
 B holding cytoplasm within cells
 C regulating substances exiting cells
 D recognizing other cells
Hierarchy of Organization
 Cells
form tissues and tissues form
organs with specialized functions.
 Organs form systems that that work
together to help the organism carry on its
life processes.
cell
tissue
organ
system
organism
TAKS QUESTION
Hierarchy of Organization
Transportation of Molecules
 Osmosis
is the transport of water into and
out of a cell.

The water is always trying to be at
equilibrium on both sides of the
membrane.

Which direction will the water move?
Out of bag


However, in certain systems, homeostasis needs to be
achieved through active transport (transport system that
requires energy to move substances across a
membrane). For example, salt water fish remove salt from their cells by active
transport in order to maintain their water level in the blood. This makes the meat
not taste salty.
TAKS Question Osmosis





Proteins and other large
molecules cannot move
through the membranes of
healthy kidneys.
The presence of large
molecules in urine is an
indication of unhealthy
kidneys.
Dialysis is a medical
treatment that dos the work
for failing kidneys.
In dialysis, and artificial
membrane impermeable to
large molecules is used.
Dialysis lowers protein
levels in urine.
Which of the following
best explains why
dialysis works.
F. Dialysis reduces the
size of proteins.
G. Proteins are dissolved
by urine.
H. Dialysis filters proteins
from solution.
J. Proteins transport
membrane fragments.
Energy Production
ATP
provides the energy for
most chemical reactions.
 It
is made in the mitochondria.
Energy Production
 Cellular



Respiration
 Photosynthesis
How animals and
plants produce
energy
Uses Oxygen and
sugar
Produces Carbon
dioxide and water



How plants
produce energy
Uses Carbon
dioxide and water
Produces Oxygen,
Water and Sugar
CO2 and H2O
sugar and O2
It is all ONE BIG CYCLE for energy in the ecosystem!
DNA
 DNA
is the blueprint for producing the entire
organism and other molecules for the cell.
 DNA has a special code in the control center
(a.k.a. nucleus) of the cell.
 The shape of a DNA molecule is a double
helix (twisted ladder)
 Deoxyribose (a sugar), nitrogen bases, and
phosphate are all found in a DNA molecule.

The 4 nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and
cytosine. (They make the “steps” of the DNA “ladder”.)
 The
DNA code is held in the sequence
(order) of nitrogen bases.
DNA

In the DNA of organisms Adenine pairs with
Thymine. A=T Cytosine pairs with Guanine. C=G
 The DNA strand (a twisted ladder) must separate
between the nitrogen base pairs in order to
replicate (make a DNA copy).
DNA TAKS Question

If the template of a strand of DNA is
5' AGATGCATC 3', the complementary strand
will be —

F 3' TCTACGTAG 5'
G 5' CTACGTAGA 3'
H 3' AGATGCATC 5'
J 5' AGACGTCTA 3'



Mutations
A
GENE MUTATION is when the
sequence (order) of bases are changed
because it has not been copied exactly.
For example, the sequence of nitrogen bases
provides instruction for the abnormal protein that
causes the sickle-cell anemia.
 If
a DELETION of a DNA base from a
gene takes place, a base is left out and
the organism’s sequence of amino acids in
a protein changes.
Mutations
 The
damage to the DNA of gamete
cells can be passed to an organism’s
offspring.
 Mutations can be beneficial to an
organism because they may create
an advantage over other organisms.
Example: Bacteria mutate to become resistant to
antibiotics.
 Some
mutations can be fatal to the
organism. (Most mutations are not…)
Protein Synthesis
Transcription – passing information
from DNA to mRNA. This happens in the
nucleus.
 Information is copied onto an mRNA. For
example GCCATA from the DNA would
be CGGUAU on the mRNA
 (RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine.)
RNA has A U C G.
 If the mRNA cannot copy the message
from DNA because of a bacterial or viral
infection a protein cannot be made.
Protein Synthesis
Translation – translating the message
from the mRNA by tRNA to make a
protein. This happens at the ribosomes on
the endoplasmic reticulum.
 A tRNA carries the specific amino acid.
 A codon is a sequence of 3 bases on an
mRNA molecule.
For example… guanine - uracil - cytosine is a codon for
a specific amino acid (valine).
AUG is the “start” codon for translation.
Protein Synthesis
This is a mRNA Codon Chart for Making a Protein
Protein Synthesis
Using a Codon Chart
 Use
the mRNA codon chart to fill in the
appropriate amino acid sequences:
 1.
AGUAAUAAA

serine - asparagine- lysine
 2.
UUGGUCGCA

leucine
valine - alanine
 3.
AUGUGCUAG
 methionine - cysteine - “stop”
Protein Synthesis
HINT
 Read
questions carefully to see if
they want the DNA complement or the
mRNA.
 Remember your complements!
 DNA:


G=C, C=G
T=A, A=T
 RNA


G=C, C=G
U=A, A=U
Protein Synthesis
TRANSCRIPTION TAKS Question


Which of these represents the DNA segment from which
this section of mRNA was transcribed?
A. ACTAAG
 B. TCUTTG
 C. GAAUCU
 D. UCCTGA
Protein Synthesis
Codon TAKS Question
 5’AGAUCGAGU3’
5’ACAUCGAGU3’

The chain above represents three codons. Which of the
following changes would be expected in the amino acid
chain if the mutation shown above occurred?
A
The amino acid sequence would be shorter than
expected.
The identity of one amino acid would change.
The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged.
The identities of more than one amino acid would
change.
B
C
D
Protein Synthesis
CODON TAKS Question

2. The assembly of a messenger RNA strand that
normally begins with UAC has been changed so that the
newly assembled messenger RNA strand begins with
UAG. Which of the following will most likely occur?





A
B
C
D
The protein will be missing the first amino acid.
The amino acids that make up the protein will all be
different.
The mRNA will become attached to a ribosome
The production of the protein will be stopped.
Genetics
– physically observable
traits (i.e., hair color, eye color)
 Genotype – alleles that the organism
carries (You get one from mom and
one from dad, 2 alleles for a trait.)
(“genes”)
 Homozygous – same alleles (TT, tt)
 Heterozygous – different alleles (Tt)
 Phenotype
Genetics Punnett Squares
 To
examine what traits will be passed on to
the next generation, we can use a
Punnett square.
 Every child has 2 copies of EVERY gene (one
from each parent). This combination of alleles
is your genotype.
 Dominant alleles are shown by using a
capital letter. BB TT
 Recessive alleles are shown by using a
lower-case letter bb tt
Genetics TAKS QUESTION:
monohybrid Punnett square

Botanists cross a heterozygous (Pp) plant
having purple flowers with a homozygous (pp)
plant having white flowers. About what
percentage of the offspring will have purple
flowers?
F. 0%
G. 25%
H. 50%
J. 75%
Genetics TAKS QUESTION:
(a dihybrid Punnett square)
G
g
g
Gg
gg
g
Gg
gg
B
b
B
BB Bb
B
BB Bb
TAXONOMY - Kingdoms
 Classification
K-P-C-O-F-G-S

Remember – King Philip Came Over From Germany Safely



Kingdom – least specific
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species – most specific








Hint – you have to know the order!!!
Hint – the first name is always the genus,
second name is the species.
(i.e. Homo sapian Homo=genus; sapian =species)
Taxonomy TAKS Question
 Which
of the following is the most specific
group used to classify organisms?
A Kingdom
B Class
C Genus
D Order
KINGDOMS
Animal – multi-cellular, eukaryotic, (nucleus
has a membrane), heterotrophic (consumes its
food)(coral, worm, clam, octopus, insect,
shrimp, snake, bird, cat)
 Plant – multi-cellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic
(makes its own food by photosynthesis), have
cell walls (algae, grass, ferns, conifers, oak
trees)
 Monera - multi-cellular, eukaryotic, cannot
move, have a cell wall, decomposers (fungi,
mushrooms, mold, yeast)

KINGDOMS
– unicellular and multi-cellular,
eukaryotic, heterotrophic and autotrophic
 Protista
(amoeba, paramecium, euglena)
– unicellular, prokaryotic
(nucleus does not have membrane),
heterotrophic or autotrophic (blue-green,
 Eubacteria
streptococcus, bacillus)
– prokaryotic, primitive,
heterotrophic, live in harsh conditions:
intestine of cows, termites, geysers)
 Archaebacteria
Kingdoms
 The
more levels that organisms are in
together the more closely related they
are.
 For example
 the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana is most
closely related to northern leopard frog,
Rana pipiens because they have the
same genus name.
TAKS Question Kingdoms
TAKS Question Kingdoms
TAKS Question Kingdoms
Fungi are different from plants in that
fungi —
 F secrete enzymes
 G decompose organic waste
 H contain DNA
 J have cell walls

Organ Systems
 Excretory
– removes waste from
the body (kidneys, bladder)
 Digestive – break down and
absorbs nutrients (mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines)
– transports oxygen
and nutrients to cells and carries
wastes away from cells (heart,arteries,
 Circulatory
veins, capillaries)
Organ Systems
– detects changes outside and
inside your body and controls the way your
body responds to these changes (eyes,
ears, tongue, brain, spinal cord)
 Skeletal – helps you move, protects your
internal organs, gives your body shape
and support and make blood cells.
 Muscular – is responsible for voluntary
(jumping and pointing) and involuntary
(beating of your heart, blinking)
movements.
 Nervous
Organ Systems
– produces chemical
messengers called hormones. These help
maintain homeostasis. Others control
development and growth. (glands)
 Integumentary – “skin” forms a
protective barrier around the body. Helps
prevent water loss and controls body
temperature. It also gathers information
about your surroundings (touch, hot and cold).
 Immune – white blood cells and antibodies
fight and protect the body from infection
from bacteria and viruses. (B cells, Natural
 Endocrine
Killer and T cells, spleen, bone marrow)
Organ Systems
– takes fluid from the
spaces between cells and returns it
to the circulatory system. It also filters
bacteria and other microorganisms
from this fluid.
 Reproductive – produces gamete
cells (males = sperm, females = eggs)
 Respiratory – moves oxygen into the
body and carbon dioxide out of the
body.
 Lymphatic
Body Systems Relation to Each Other
 How
does the endocrine system affect
the circulatory system?
The endocrine system increases the heart rate
by hormones (adrenaline) that are produced.
 Some
organ systems are suppressed
(slows down) when a person is
frightened. For example, the digestive system is
suppressed if you encounter a wild bear because your
circulatory system is working overtime to get away from
the bear.
 Circulatory

and Digestive Systems
Nutrients from the digestive system
move into the circulatory system.
TAKS Question Organ Systems