Transcript Upper Respiratory Organs

The
Respiratory
System
OBJECTIVES
•Define terms associated with the respiratory
system
• Discuss generalized functions of the
respiratory system.
•List the major organs of the respiratory system
and describe the function of each.
•Compare, contrast, and explain the mechanism
responsible for gas exchange during internal
and external respiration.
•Identify and discuss the mechanisms that
regulate respiration.
Respiratory System
The basic functions of the respiratory
system are……
• Bring oxygen-rich air into the body for delivery
to the blood cells
• Expel waste products
• Produce air flow through lungs to make
speech possible
• Filters, warms, and humidifies the air we
breath
Terminology
Otolaryngologist/OtorhinolaryngolistSpecialist in diagnosing diseases of the
ear, nose, throat
PulmonologistPhysician who specializes in diagnosing
and treating diseases of the lungs
Upper Respiratory Tract
• Consists of these structures….
•Nose
•Mouth
•Pharynx
•Epiglottis
•Larynx
•Trachea (Spans both upper and lower)
Lower Respiratory Tract
• Consists of the…
•Trachea (Both upper and lower)
•Bronchial Tree
•Lungs
•Protected in the Thoracic Cavity
Pic 14-1 pg 361
Pic 14-1 pg 361
Upper Respiratory Organs
NOSE
• External Nares - Nostrils
• Nasal Cavity
• Nasal Septum - Divides right and left nasal
cavities
• Conchae - 3 Shelf-like structures
Upper Respiratory Organs
NOSE
• Cillia – Tiny hairs filter incoming air.
• Mucous Membranes – Line nasal cavity.
•Lacrimal ducts – Drain into nasal cavity.
• Olfactory Receptors – Nerve receptors located in
the nasal mucosa responsible for the sense of
smell and taste.
Upper Respiratory Organs
NOSE
•Four paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal
cavities:
•Frontal
•Sphenoidal
•Maxillary
•Ethmoidal
•Assist in the production of mucus.
•Hollow spaces help to lighten the skull
•Resonant chambers help produce sound
Upper Respiratory Organs
Frontal Sinus
•Located in the frontal bone above eyebrows.
•Infections here can cause severe pain.
Upper Respiratory Organs
Sphenoid Sinus
•Located in the sphenoid bone, near optic nerve.
•Infections here can cause damaged vision.
Upper Respiratory Organs
Maxillary Sinus
•Largest of paranasal sinuses.
•Located in the maxillary bone.
•Infections here can cause pain in the teeth.
Upper Respiratory Organs
Ethmoid Sinus
•Located in the ethmoid bone.
•Separated from orbital cavity by thin bone.
Upper Respiratory Organs
NOSE
Nasal air flowwwwwwww!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Air enters nares
Goes into nasal cavities
Moves over conchae
Warmed and humidified
Diseases
 Epitaxis-
Nose bleed
 Sinusitis- Inflammation of the
sinuses
 Rhinorrhea- Runny nose
Upper Respiratory Organs
Pharynx
AKA the throat
Pharynx is divided into three portions
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
Upper Respiratory Organs
Pharynx
Nasopharynx – The first portion, uppermost of the
tube behind the nasal cavities
Oropharynx- The middle, second portion,
Located behind the mouth
Laryngopharynx- Lowest segment, third division
from larynx to openings of esophagus
and stomach
Upper Respiratory Organs
Function of Pharynx
Serves as a passage for air and food!
Air enters pharynx from nasal cavities
Leaves through larynx
Food enters pharynx from the mouth
Leaves from esophagus
Eustachian Tubes
Eustachian tubes open into the
nasopharynx
Connects middle ears with nasopharynx
Connection allows equalization of air
pressure between middle and exterior ear
Tonsils
Lymphatic tissue embedded into the
mucous membrane of the pharynx
Pharyngeal (Adnoids) - Nasopharynx
Palatine - Oropharynx
Upper Respiratory Organs
Larynx
 AKA the voice box
 Located between the pharynx and trachea
Contains the vocal cords
 Protected and held open by cartilage rings
 Largest Cartilage is thyroid cartilage
“Adam’s Apple
Vocal Cords
 Stretch across the interior of the larynx
 Open when breathing
 Closed together with speech, producing
sound, when air is expelled.
 Tense, voice is high pitched
 Relaxed, low voice
Diseases
Pharyngitis- Known as a sore throat
Laryngoplegia- Paralysis of the larynx
Laryngospasm- Sudden spasmodic closure
of the larynx
Diseases
Aphonia-loss of ability to produce normal
speech
Dysphonia- Any voice impairment
Laryngitis- Is an inflammation of larynx
Epiglottis
 Cartilage structure that acts like a
“trapdoor”.
 Closes off larynx during swallowing to
prevent food from entering trachea.
Soft palate assists with this motion by
moving up and back during swallowing to
prevent food from going up the nose,
Trap Door???????
Questions???????
Where are the vocal cords located?
When speaking, are the vocal cords
opened or closed?
Questions???????
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
What keeps food from going into the lungs??
Why doesn’t your food go through your
nostrils?
Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Lungs
Lower Respiratory Organs
Trachea
AKA “Windpipe”
 Extends from larynx to lungs
 Directly in front of the esophagus
 C-rings of Hyaline Cartilage make the
structure flexible
Terminology
Tracheotomy- Emergency procedure. An
incision Is made to open the blocked airway
Tracheostomy- Creating an opening into the
trachea Inserting a tube to create an airway, or
remove obstruction
Stoma- An opening on the body’s surface
Lower Respiratory Organs
Bronchial Tree
Trachea- Main trunk of the tree
Primary Bronchi- First limbs off tree trunk
Secondary Bronchi- In Lungs, branches off
first limbs of the tree
Lower Respiratory Organs
Bronchial Tree
Bronchioles- Branches off Secondary Bronchi
Alveolar Ducts- Branches off bronchioles
Alveolar sacs- Resemble a cluster of grapes
Alveoli- A single grape
Lower Respiratory Organs
Alveoli
 AKA air sacs
 Thin flexible walls surrounded by a network
of capillaries
 Gas exchange (Oxygen and CO2)
 Covered by surfactant (Keeps from
collapsing)
Lower Respiratory Organs
Lungs
 Organs of respiration
 Located in the chest, from collarbone to
diaphragm
 Right lung has 3 lobes
Superior, middle, inferior
 Left lung has 2 lobes
Superior, inferior
Smaller due to heart
Diseases
Cystic Fibrosis- Genetic disorder in which the lungs
clogged with abnormally thick mucus
Anthracosis- Black lung disease
Asbestosis- asbestos particles in the lungs
Pneumonia- Inflammation of lungs in which air sacs
are filled with pus.
Lower Respiratory Organs
Pleura
 Pleura covers the outer surface of the lungs
Thin moist slippery membrane
Outer layer – Parietal pleura, lining the walls
of the thoracic cavity.
Inner layer – Visceral pleura, surrounding
each lung
Lower Respiratory Organs
Pleura
 Pleural space/cavity:
 Space between the pleura.
 Thin layer of fluid allow membrane to
slide
Diseases
Pneumothorax- Presence of air in intrapleural
space.
Pleurisy- Inflammation of the pleura.
Pleural effusion- Abnormal escape of fluid in pleural
cavity.
Lower Respiratory Organs
Diaphragm
 Muscle that separates the thoracic and
abdominal cavities
 Muscle contraction and relaxation make
breathing possible.
Stimulated by the Phrenic nerve.
QUESTIONS?????
How many lobes does the right lung have?
How many lobes does the left lung have?
What is a pneumothorax?
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation is also known as
Breathing
Breathing- is a process that moves air into
and out of the lungs.
- makes it possible for exchange of gases
between air in the lungs and blood
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation/Breathing has two
phases.
Inspiration- Inhalation moves air into the lungs
Expiration- Moves air out of the lungs
Inspiration
Inspiration occurs when the chest cavity
Enlarges
-Lungs expand, air rushes in, down to alveoli
-Muscles of inspiration are
- Diaphragm
- External intercostals
Muscles of Inspiration
External Intercostals- Located between ribs
- Origin, Inferior border of rib above
- Insertion, Superior border of rib below
- Elevates ribs during inspiration
Muscles of Inspiration
Diaphragm- Located between abdominal
and thoracic cavity.
- Origin, Xiphoid process , costal cartilages
of last six ribs
- Insertion, Central tendon
- Pulls down on central tendon, increases
vertical length of thorax
Inspiration
The diaphragm flattens during inspiration
The Diaphragm is the most important muscle
of inspiration
The phrenic nerve stimulate the diaphragm
to contract.
As the chest cavity enlarges, air pressure is reduced,
air enters the lungs
Expiration
Expiration is the act of breathing out
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward
This causes air to move out of the lungs
Muscles of expiration - Internal intercostals
- Abdominal Muscles
Expiration
Internal intercostals- Origin, Superior border of
rib below
Insertion, Inferior border of
rib above
Expiration is passive- No muscles contract!!!!!!
Inspiration
Expiration
QUESTIONS?????
Which are the muscles of inspiration?
What stimulates the diaphragm to contract?
During expiration the diaphragm is relaxed,
or contracted?
Respiration
Exchange of gases between a living
organism and its environment.
Two types of respiration
-External respiration
-Internal respiration
Pulmonary Respiration
The two processes of respiration
•External Respiration- Exchange of gases
between air and lungs and in the blood
•Internal Respiration- Exchange of gases
between the blood and the cells of the
body
External Respiration
Blood is pumped from the right ventricle of
the heart It enters the pulmonary artery
Enters the Lungs
Flows through capillaries next to alveoli
External respiration takes place between
blood and alveoli by diffusion
What is diffusion???????
Gas Exchange
 Alveolar
air is rich in oxygen
 Capillary blood is low in oxygen
 Diffusion takes place
 Capillary blood is now rich in oxygen
 Oxyhemoglobin is formed
External Respiration
Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide occurs between
lungs and capillaries and Alveoli air.
Blood flowing through lung capillaries is high
in carbon dioxide
Most is carried as a bicarbonate
Some combines with hemoglobin to form
carbaminohemoglobin
External Respiration
As cells remove oxygen from blood they add
the waste product of carbon dioxide
Pulmonary capillary blood becomes high in
carbon Dioxide.
Diffusion takes place between capillaries and
alveoli and carbon dioxide is expired
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration- gas exchange that occurs
between blood in the tissue
capillaries
Internal Respiration
 The
direction is opposite of external
respiration
 Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into oxygen
and hemoglobin in tissue capillaries
 Oxygen molecules move out of blood into
tissue capillaries, then to interstitial fluid,
then to cells
Diffusion
Gas Exchange
 Carbon Dioxide molecules
leave the cells
 Enter tissue capillaries
 Bicarbonate ions are formed
 Carbaminohemoglobin is formed
Oxygenated blood enters tissue and is changed into
deoxygenated blood
Can you pump up your VOLUME?
We breathe Approximately 500ml in and out
Tidal Volume (TV)- the amount of air breathed in and out
with each breath.
Vital Capacity (VC)- The largest amount of air breathed
out in expiration.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)- This is the amount of
air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal
volume.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)- this is the amount of air
that can be forcibly inspired over normal inspiration.
Residual Volume (RV)- Air that remains in the lungs after
the most forceful expiration.
QUESTIONS?????
What is the tidal volume?
What is the difference between
Expiratory volume, and Residual
Volume?
Can you Explain
the Math????????
ERV + IRV + TV = VC
Regulation
Breathing needs to be regulated!
Normal respiration depends on proper functioning
Of muscles of respiration.
Normal breathing rate is 12-18 breaths a minute
Breathing is controlled by Respiratory Control
Centers
Located in the Pons and Medulla in the brain stem
More Regulations
The two most important control centers
- Inspiratory Center
- Expiratory Center
At rest the neurons will fire at a rate of
12-18 breaths a minute
Regulate Yourself
YOU can control your breathing from your
Cerebral Cortex
Chemically
Induced Regulation
Chemoreceptor- Located in carotid, aortic
bodies
Sensitive to chemical gas changes
Send impulses to respiratory regulatory
center
Pulmonary Stretch
Receptors
Receptors – located in the lungs, pulmonary
airways and alveoli
-Prevent over inflation
-Send a message to inhibit over inflation to
Inspiratory center
Terminology
 Eupnea- Normal respiration rate
 Dyspnea- labored, difficult breathing
 Apnea- lack of breathing
 Hyperventilation- rapid deep breathing
 Hypoventilation- slow shallow respirations
Terminology
 Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Pattern of alternating periods of slow and rapid
breathing.
Anoxia
Absence of oxygen
Nebulizer treatment
Dispenses large doses of medication thru a
mask in mist form.
Terminology
(ARDS) Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Lung failure resulting from many different disorders
that cause pulmonary edema.
-Causes can be severe infection
-Shock
-Pneumonia
-Burns
-Injuries
Terminology
(SIDS) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
-Occurs in babies three months or younger
-No obvious medical condition
(COPD) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
-A group of respiratory conditions , chronic airflow
limitations
The Respiratory System
QUESTIONS