Transcript Name 3 structures of the respiratory system and explain the function

Name 3 structures of the
respiratory system and
explain the function of each.
1
Learning Target
•I can explain the
structures and
functions of the
respiratory system.
2
Structure and Function


The human respiratory
system allows one to
obtain oxygen, eliminate
carbon dioxide.
Breathing consists of two
phases, inspiration and
expiration
 Inspiration- the process
of taking in air
 Expiration- the process
of blowing out air
3
Objectives
The process of moving air
in and out of the lungs.
4
External Respiration
External Respiration
Air from the outside environment enters the nose
or mouth during inspiration (inhalation).
The Nose
•Also called external nares
•Divided into two halves by the nasal septum
•Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is
warmed
cilia
•Contains
which is responsible for filtering
out foreign bodies
5
Apnea:
Lack of breathing
Hypoxia:
Lack of oxygen in the
body
6
Cyanosis:
Bluish discoloration of
the skin
7
Indication of respiratory
distress:
Nasal flare
Tripoid Position
Pursed lip breathing
Use of accessory muscles
8
Nasal Flare
9
Pursed Lip Breathing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxPRng3FRD4
10
Tripoid Position
11
Assessory Muscles
***HOW TO SPOT A CHILD STRUGGLING TO
BREATHE*** - YouTube
12
Pharynx
Pharynx
Also known as the throat is a passageway for
both air and food
Three Sections of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
-contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which
aid in the body’s immune defense
Oropharynx
-back portion of the mouth that contains the palatine
tonsils which aid in the body’s immune defense
13
Epiglottis
The epiglottis, a movable flap of
cartilage that covers the opening to
the larynx (voice box) prevents food
from entering the larynx during
swallowing.
Occasionally, a person may swallow and
inhale at the same time so some food may
enter the larynx and choking occurs.
Aspiration occurs when food or fluid enters
the lung instead of the stomach.
14
Larynx
Larynx
Serves as a passageway to the trachea and the
area where sounds are produced
Voice Box
Posterior
Portion of
Tongue
False
Vocal
Cords
Glottis
True
Vocal
Cords
15
Trachea
larynx
Trachea
trachea
•Also known as the
windpipe
•Connects the larynx
to the right and left
bronchi
bronchi
16
Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
Air from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles
then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect
to lung capillaries.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
are exchanged and oxygen
is delivered to the body
cells.
alveolus
capillaries
17
Lungs
Lungs
•Consist of a right and left lobe
•Covered by a double layer of membrane that
makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier.
The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner
layer is the visceral pleura
•The space between the two pleurae is called the
pleural cavity
•Pleurisy occurs when there is friction inside the
pleural cavity. Very painful
18
Inhale/Exhale
The passage of air from the
external environment to the
lung capillaries, bloodstream
and out consists of one
inhalation and one exhalation.
19
Muscles for Breathing
Muscles for Breathing
The major
Bronchioles
muscles that
Alveoli
contract to
enlarge the
thoracic cavity
during inspiration
Lungs
are the:
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
(windpipe)
Right and
left bronchi
•Diaphragm
Note: The diaphragm
lowers itself when it
contracts during
inhalation
20
Diagnostic, Procedural &
Laboratory Tests
Methods Used to
Diagnose Respiratory
Disorders:
•Auscultation
•Assessing respiratory
rate
•Percussion
•Sputum analysis
Normal Adult
respiratory rate is 12
to 20 respirations per
minute.
21
Pulmonary Function Tests
Pulmonary function tests measure the
mechanics of breathing.
Peak flow meter
•measures the capacity for
breathing
Spirometer
•a pulmonary function testing
machine that measures the
lungs volume and capacity
22
Pulse Oximetry: Measures the
saturation of O2 inside the body
23
Abnormalities/Masses
Abnormalities such as
masses and
restricted blood flow
within the lungs can
be detected via:
•Chest x-rays
•MRI
•Lung scans
Structures of the
respiratory system can
be observed via:
•Endoscopy
•Bronchoscopy
24
Laboratory Tests
Laboratory Tests
•Throat Cultures
•Sputum Sample
•Arterial Blood Gases
25
Pathology
adenoiditis
epiglottitis
bronchitis
Inflammatory
laryngitis
Conditions
rhinitis
pharyngitis
pneumonitis
sinusitis
tonsillitis
laryngotracheobronchitis
26
eupnea
Breathing Patterns
Breathing Patterns
hyperpnea
bradypnea
dyspnea
tachypnea
apnea
hypopnea
Other Conditions
orthopnea
•Hypoventilation
•Hyperventilation
•Hypoxemia
27
Upper Respira
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qbn1Zw5CTbA tory Infection
Upper respiratory infection is a term that
covers an infection of some or all of the
respiratory tract.
Other Conditions:
•Croup
•Diptheria
•Epistaxis
•Rhinorrhea
•Pertussis
•Rhinitis
28
Chronic Obstructive
Puhttp://s.ytimg.com/yts/img/favicon-vfldLzJxy.ico Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is
a term for any disease with chronic obstruction of
the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:
•Emphysema
•Chronic
Bronchitis
Asthma causes
narrowing of the bronchi
leading to dyspnea,
wheezing and coughing.
Normal
bronchiole
Asthmatic
bronchiole,
showing
constriction
29
Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis
Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of
blood.
Cystic Fibrosis
Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of
abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.
Atelectasis
Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a
lung.
Pneumonia
Acute infection of the alveoli.
30
Pathology
• TB: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious
bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It may
spread to other organs.
• ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that
prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs
and into the blood.
• Lung Cancer: Lung cancer is cancer that starts in
the lungs. The lungs are located in the chest. Most
lung cancer begins in the cells of the bronchi.
31
Disorders of the Pleura
Disorders of the Pleura
Pneumothorax
•Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
Empyema
•Pus in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
•Blood in the pleural cavity.
Pleural Effusion
•Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.
32
Otorhinolaryngologists
Pulmonologists are physicians that specialize in
disorders and diseases of the lungs.
Surgical Removal Conditions
•Tonsillectomy
•Laryngectomy
•Adenoidectomy
•Pneumonectomy
•Lobectomy
33
bronchoplasty
Surgical Repair
laryngoplasty
Surgical Repair
rhinoplasty
septoplasty
tracheoplasty
34
Surgical Incisions
Surgical Incisions
•Laryngotracheotomy
•Sinusotomy
•Thoracotomy
•Tracheotomy
Tracheostomy
tube
•Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a
tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx,
larynx and into the trachea to establish an
35
airway.
Pharmacology
Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are
used for respiratory disorders just as with other
system disorders.
Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:
Bronchodilators
•Dilate the bronchial walls
Expectorants
•Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus
36
Mechanical Devices
Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration
Ventilators
•Actually serve as a
breathing substitute for
patients who can not
breathe on their own.
Nebulizers
•Deliver medication
through the mouth or
nose to ease breathing
problems
37
Agents to Treat Respiratory
Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Conditions
Antitussive
Expectorants
(relieves coughing)
Decongestants
(decreases and
prevents mucus
buildup)
(promotes
coughing and
expelling of
mucus)
38
Apply Your Knowledge
Identify the following
respiratory structures:
A.
B.
C.
39
Apply Your Knowledge
Answers
• A Trachea
• B Bronchus
• C Alveoli
40
Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
An obstruction in which of the following would be
MOST fatal?
A
. BRONCHIOLE
B. TRACHEA
C. BRONCHI
41
Answer
B. Trachea
42
Apply Your Knowledge Part 3
Mr. Davis has had hoarseness for the past six
months. He recently went to his physician and
received a diagnosis of cancer of his voice box.
Which of the following procedures
might be indicated for Mr. Davis?
A. Pharyngectomy
B. Pneumonectomy
C. Laryngectomy
43
Answer
Answer: C. Laryngectomy
44
Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions.
She visits a local pharmacy looking for something
to help her with her dry cough.
Which of the following types of medication
should Melissa consider taking?
A. Expectorant
B. Antitussive
C. Antibiotic
45
Answer: A. Expectorant
46