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Understanding the Food Chain & Natural Selection Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! HS‐LS2‐6. Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem. [Clarification Statement: Examples of changes in ecosystem conditions could include modest biological or physical changes, such as moderate hunting or a seasonal flood; and extreme changes, such as volcanic eruption or sea level rise. HS‐LS2‐7. Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on individual and species’ chances to, survive and reproduce. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on: (1) distinguishing between group and individual behavior, (2) identifying evidence supporting the outcomes of group behavior, and (3) developing logical and reasonable arguments based on evidence. Examples of group behaviors could include flocking, schooling, herding, and cooperative behaviors such as hunting, migrating, and swarming. Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resource Standards Addressed NRS.01.01.01.a. Summarize and classify the different kinds of natural resources using common classification schemes (e.g., living versus nonliving, renewable versus nonrenewable, native versus introduced, etc.). NRS.04.01.03.a. Identify and categorize characteristics of a healthy wildlife habitat. Bell Work / Objectives Describe scientific classification and naming of animal wildlife. Identify life-sustaining processes in animal wildlife. Distinguish wildlife reproductive processes. Explain the major nutrient needs of animal wildlife. Describe the basic habitat requirements for wildlife species. Terms Anatomy Family Asexual Genus reproduction Biotic pyramid Circulatory system Class Cover Digestive system Excretory system Integumentary system Invertebrates Kingdom Muscular system Nervous system Nutrient Terms Order Skeletal Phylum Space Physiology Species Respiratory Vertebrate system Scientific name Sexual reproduction System How do people get their names? Culture Family tradition Family names use the last names of people. Last names Could be that of its father but could be of its mother or a combination of the two. Given names are received at birth. Is your given name the same of a parent or grandparent? What is the scientific classification and naming of animal wildlife? Scientific classification is based on carefully obtained information about animals. A system of taxonomy is used consistently worldwide. Modern classification uses seven divisions or stages. 7 Divisions of Classification Kingdom All – broadest classification. living things are classified into five divisions: animalia, plantae, fungi, monera, and protista. 7 Divisions of Classification – second division is classification. Phylum The three most important phyla in studying wildlife are: chordata phylum, arthropoda phylum, and mollusca phylum. 7 Divisions of Classification – the third division in classification. Class Some important classes in the chordate phylum of animals are: Mammalia, Reptilia, and Aves. 7 Divisions of Classification (cont.) – consists of animals that are more alike than the class. Order Orders are based on feeding characteristics. 7 Divisions of Classification (cont.) – made up of animals that are more alike than the orders and are often based on anatomical features of animals. Genus – made up of very similar groups, but do not naturally breed with each other. Family 7 Divisions of Classification (cont.) – contains very similar individuals within the same genus. Species They are capable of breeding with each other, and are sometimes divided into subspecies. Scientific Name Every animal species has a scientific name. Scientists use these names worldwide based on information about a species. The scientific name of an animal is a combination of the genus and species. The genus is the first capitalized work followed by the species name. Scientific Name The scientific name is always written in italics or underlined. Scientific names will not change unless information results in a new name for the species. What are life-sustaining processes in animal wildlife? All animals have body systems that carry out life processes. Anatomy and physiology influence how organisms live and go about life processes. The way functions are carried out is influenced by the form of the organ systems. Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – the study of the form, shape, and appearance of animals. The differences are obvious to our eyes and make it possible for each species to sustain itself in its environment. – the study of the functions of parts of the anatomy. Physiology Organ Systems System – body framework that gives the body shape and protects the organs. Skeletal Wildlife animals have skeletal systems made of bone, cartilage, or chitin. Animals with backbones are known as vertebrates. Animals without backbones or internal skeletons are called invertebrates. Organ Systems System – prepares the food for use by the body Digestive The major parts are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and the anus. Organ Systems System – responsible for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide. Respiratory Many animals have lungs to breathe, while fish have gills to filter the oxygen out of the water. Organ Systems System – creates bodily movement and support with special tissues called muscles. Muscular The muscles are attached to the skeletal system by ligaments, which allow bodily movement. Organ Systems System – network of vessels that move blood throughout the body. Circulatory The major organ in this system is the heart. Organ Systems System – this system rids the body of wastes, such as carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, and undigested solid food material. Excretory Organ Systems System – conducts impulses back and forth from the brain to the muscles. Nervous Vertebrates have a spinal column containing a spinal cord – the major part of the nervous system. Organ Systems System – this system consists of the skin. Integumentary Skin protects the internal organs and gives shape to the body. It helps regulate temperature and provides a place for hair, fur, and scales to grow. What is the wildlife reproductive process? Reproduction is the process by which a species produces new organisms to perpetuate itself. Two Types Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction involves the union of the sperm with the egg. Sperm are the male sex cells produced in the testes. Eggs are the female sex cells produced in the ovaries. Mating involves a male and a female joining together for the male to release sperm on or near the egg(s) of a female. Fertilization may occur internally or externally. Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is producing new organisms without the sexual union of male and female cells. (There is no need for the union of an egg and a sperm in asexual reproduction) Asexual reproduction is common in plants, but not in animals. An approach to producing identical offspring is by cloning or embryo splitting. What are the major nutrient needs of animal wildlife? Animals need food to live a long life and grow into healthy organisms. Nutritious food provides nutrients. Most animal food comes from two sources: plants and animals Nutritious Food A nutrient is a chemical substance in food that supports life. Essential nutrients are those that are needed to provide for an organism depending on its stage in life. Energy nutrients are needed for an animal to be active and carry out life processes. These include carbohydrates and fats, such as starches, sugars, and plant oils. Nutritious Food Protein is needed for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. It is used to build strong, new tissue and repair old tissue. Minerals are needed in many ways such as growth, reproduction, and to build bones, shells, hooves, teeth, and horns. Nutritious Food Vitamins are present in many foods and are needed to regulate body functions. The health of an animal depends largely on adequate vitamins such as vitamins A, D, E, K, and B complex. Food Sources: plants & animals Plant food material is eaten by herbivores. Herbivores are at the bottom of the food chain. Animal food sources are eaten by carnivores and omnivores. These animals tend to be at the middle to the top of the food chain. What are the basic habitat requirements for wildlife species? They must have life requirements that must be met by their habitat in order to insure their well-being. Habitat is the physical area in which members of a wildlife species live. Habitat supports life processes. Basic Requirements All organisms require food. A key component of food is energy. The source of energy for all living things is the sun. The biotic pyramid is a series of transfers of food energy from one organism to another. Basic Requirements This is a graphical way of showing a food chain. An animal’s habitat needs to provide food year round. Basic Requirements Water It is a basic need of life. is not a food nutrient because it does not supply energy. Water determines the species of plants that will grow in an area, and therefore determines the wildlife species that live there. Some examples of water sources for wildlife animals are lakes, streams, rivers, and creeks. Basic Requirements Cover is the vegetation or other material that provides safety in a habitat. Animals use cover for nesting, resting, protection, and escaping danger from predators. Basic Requirements Space is the area or territory around an organism. Space provides air, food sources, and cover. Space requirements vary from year to year and the quality of habitat. Review / Summary What is the scientific classification and naming of animal wildlife? What are life-sustaining processes in animal wildlife? What is the wildlife reproductive process? What are the major nutrient needs of animal wildlife? What are the basic habitat requirements for wildlife species? The End!