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Respiration, Circulatory, &
Excretory Systems
Chapter 37
Circulatory System:
Respiratory System:
Excretory Systems (Kidneys):
Week 4/23 - 5/1
Week 5/4 - 5/8
Week 5/11 - 5/14
Circulation System Evolution
• Fish:
– 2-chambered heart
– single circuit of blood flow
• Amphibians:
–
–
–
–
3-chambered heart
2 circuits of blood flowCirculation is “Pulmocutaneous” (lungs and skin)
Some mixing of blood
• Mammals:
– 4-chambered heart
– Double circulation
– Complete separation between oxygen-rich and
oxygen poor blood
Circulation System Evolution
Key Structures of the Heart
•
•
•
•
•
•
Septum (middle of the heart)
Aorta (aortic arch)
Vena Cava
4 Main vessels going in & out of the heart
Pulmonary Arteries
**Remember: “A”rteries carry blood AWAY
Pulmonary veins
from the heart & Veins carry blood toward the
heart
Ventricles (4)
–
–
–
–
Right Atrium (oxygen poor blood)
Left Atrium (oxygen rich blood)
Right Ventricle (oxygen poor blood)
Left Ventricle (oxygen rich blood)
• Valves (4): one way attached to inner wall of the heart
–
–
–
–
Tricuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
Bicuspid Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (Mitral)
Pulmonary Semilunar valve
**Exiting Valves
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Internal Structure of the Heart
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
veins
Semilunar
valve
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Inferior
vena cava
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A
RBC Pathway through the Circulatory System
Blood from Systemic Circuit

Vena cava (inferior & superior)

Right atrium
 (Tricuspid valve-AV valve)
Right ventricle
 (Pulmonary semilunar valve)
Pulmonary circuit –Lungs
(P. arteries LungsP. veins)

Left atrium
 (Bicuspid “Mitral” valve)
Left Ventricle
 (Aortic semilunar valve)
Aorta
(arch, coronary, carotid, & abdominal, renal, mesenteric, iliac arteries)
Video#2 : “A Heart Attack”
Write 10 Key Statements
Introductory Questions #1
• The heart has four valves in it. Name
them. Name the blood vessel that carries
oxygen poor blood from the heart to the
lungs to pick up more oxygen.
• Name the two large veins that bring blood
to the heart from the rest of the body.
• In your textbook (pg. 975) Name the four
components of blood. What % of your
blood is composed of red blood cells?
What about white blood cells?
IQ #2
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
11. vessel
Pulmonary
10.
vessel
artery
Superior
1.
vessel
vena
cava
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
2. chamber
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
9.
veinsvessels
Semilunar
3. valve
valve
Semilunar
8.
valvevalve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
7.
valvevalve
4. Inferior
vessel
vena
cava
5.RIGHT
chamber
VENTRICLE
LEFT
6. chamber
VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A
Observation of a Cow’s Heart
• Make a drawing of your section you received-ID it
as the anterior or posterior section.
• Make labels and pin your specimen
• Include these labels on your drawing.
• Optional-Take a picture of your labeled specimen.
Labels:
-Septum
-Left & Right Ventricle
-Left & Right Atrium
-Aorta
-AV valve (tricuspid & Bicuspid)
-Semilunar valve (pulmonary & aortic)
Video #1: Circulation: River of Life (Ch. 37.2)
1. What is the primary function of the circulatory
system?
2. How is an open circulatory system different a
closed? Give an example of an organism that has
an open circulatory system.
3. How is a vein different from an artery? Give two
differences.
4. Name FOUR chambers and the four valves within
the heart.
**Write the title for this segment and give
FIVE statements.
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
11. vessel
Pulmonary
10.
vessel
artery
Superior
1.
vessel
vena
cava
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
2. chamber
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
9.
veinsvessels
Semilunar
3. valve
valve
Semilunar
8.
valvevalve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
7.
valvevalve
4. Inferior
vessel
vena
cava
5.RIGHT
chamber
VENTRICLE
LEFT
6. chamber
VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A
What is a heart attack?
• A heart attack is damage that occurs when
a coronary feeding the heart is blocked
Aorta
Right
coronary
artery
Left
coronary
artery
Blockage
Dead muscle tissue
Figure 23.8A
Reading Assignment
• Using the handout read and review some
of the key aspects of the circulatory
system.
• On a separate sheet paper answer
Questions on Pgs 25 & 26 from the
second handout.
Label & Color your Hear Diagram
• Be sure to use RED for all areas that
contains oxygen rich blood and BLUE for
areas with oxygen poor blood.
• All valves must be correctly labeled
Posterior view of the Heart
Valves within the Heart
Double Circulation
• From right ventricle to
lungs via pulmonary
arteries through semilunar
valve (pulmonary
circulation)
• Capillary beds in lungs to
left atrium via pulmonary
veins
• Left atrium to left ventricle
(through atrioventricular
valve) to aorta
• Aorta to coronary arteries;
then systemic circulation
• Back to heart via two
venae cavae (superior
and inferior); right atrium
Introductory Questions #1
• The heart has four valves in it. Name
them. Name the blood vessel that carries
oxygen poor blood from the heart to the
lungs to pick up more oxygen.
• Name the two large veins that bring blood
to the heart from the rest of the body.
• In your textbook (pg. 975) Name the four
components of blood. What % of your
blood is composed of red blood cells?
What about white blood cells?
Pg. 880
Withdraw
blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Salts
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%
CELL TYPE
NUMBER
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
5–6 million
Leukocytes
(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins
(antibodies)
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity
Transport of
oxygen
(and carbon
dioxide)
Defense and
immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
FUNCTIONS
(per mm3 of blood)
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000–
400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13
IQ #2
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
11. vessel
Pulmonary
10.
vessel
artery
Superior
1.
vessel
vena
cava
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
2. chamber
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
9.
veinsvessels
Semilunar
3. valve
valve
Semilunar
8.
valvevalve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
7.
valvevalve
4. Inferior
vessel
vena
cava
5.RIGHT
chamber
VENTRICLE
LEFT
6. chamber
VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A
Introductory Questions #3
• Name the cell fragments that aide in the
process of blood clotting. (pg. 977)
• What substances are found in the plasma
of blood? (pg. 975)
• Name the proteins that are found on the
surface of red blood cells.
Introductory Questions #4
• Give three differences between arteries
and veins.
• Why must blood slow down as it reaches a
capillary bed?
• Where in the heart is the “pacemaker” and
what role does it serve?
The Heart Contracts and Relaxes
Rhythmically
• Diastole
– Blood flows from the
veins into the heart
chambers
1 Heart is
• Systole
contract.
0.1 sec
– The atria briefly
contract and fill the
ventricles with blood
– Then the ventricles
contract and propel
blood out
2 Atria
relaxed.
AV valves
are open.
0.3 sec
0.4 sec
SYSTOLE
3 Ventricles
contract.
Semilunar
valves
are open.
DIASTOLE
Figure 23.6
The Heartbeat
• Sinoatrial (SA) node (“pacemaker”): sets rate and timing of
cardiac contraction by generating electrical signals
• Atrioventricular (AV) node: relay point (0.1 second delay)
spreading impulse to walls of ventricles
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Velocity of Blood
• Aorta: 30cm/sec on average
• Capillary: 0.026 cm/sec
• Change is caused by the Law of Continuity
– As a pipe’s diameter narrows, the flow rate increases
– The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries
determines flow rate
– Each artery branches extensively to an enormous
number of capillaries that has a huge cross sectional
area that is much greater than the artery, so the flow
rate is slowed.
– No substance has to diffuse far to enter or leave
a cell
Capillary
INTERSTITIAL
FLUID
Diffusion of
molecules
Tissue
cell
Figure 23.1B
Pg. 880
Withdraw
blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Salts
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%
CELL TYPE
NUMBER
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
5–6 million
Leukocytes
(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins
(antibodies)
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity
Transport of
oxygen
(and carbon
dioxide)
Defense and
immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
FUNCTIONS
(per mm3 of blood)
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000–
400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13
SSR Guide for Presenters
• Give your name
• Hold up the your source
• FIVE key points with a brief summary of
what you read.
• The rest of us need to write points
discussed in the SSR boxes on your cover
sheet.
Assignment Packet
•
•
•
•
•
Cover sheet
Circulatory System Handout Questions
Video Notes (x3)
Heart Diagram (ID &* Color)
Mini-lab Activity: Cow’s Heart (w/stamp)
Introductory Questions #1
• What type of instrument is used to
measure a person’s blood pressure? Why
is knowing a person’s blood pressure
important?
• What is “normal” or average blood
pressure at rest? What about heart rate?
• What does the top number and bottom
number represent when reading blood
pressure?
• Pressure is
highest in the
arteries
– It drops to
zero by the
time the
blood
reaches the
veins
Systolic
pressure
Diastolic
pressure
Relative sizes and
numbers
of blood
vessels
Figure 23.9A
Velocity of Blood
• Aorta: 30cm/sec on average
• Capillary: 0.026 cm/sec
• Change is caused by the Law of Continuity
– As a pipe’s diameter narrows, the flow rate increases
– The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries
determines flow rate
– Each artery branches extensively to an enormous
number of capillaries that has a huge cross sectional
area that is much greater than the artery, so the flow
rate is slowed.
Blood Vessel Structural Differences
• Capillaries
•endothelium; basement
membrane
• Arteries
•thick connective tissue; thick
smooth muscle; endothelium;
basement membrane
• Veins
•thin connective tissue; thin
smooth muscle; endothelium;
basement membrane
Match the Blood Vessels with its location in
the Body
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Carotid artery
Jugular vein
Coronary
Hepatic
Renal
Iliac
Brachial
Femoral
Gastric
Heart
Liver
Stomach
Kidney
Neck (2)
Arm
Thigh
Pelvic
Measuring Blood Pressure can Reveal
Cardiovascular Problems
• Blood pressure is measured as systolic and
diastolic pressures
Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure
120 systolic
80 diastolic
(to be
measured)
Pressure
in cuff
above
120
Rubber
cuff
inflated
with air
Artery
1
Pressure
in cuff
below
120
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
closed
2
Pressure
in cuff
below 80
3
Sounds
stop
4
Figure 23.10
Lab Activity-Measuring Blood
Pressure & Heart Rate
Answer to Part A (Fill in Blanks)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arterial
Systolic
Diastolic
Heart
Blood pressure
Spygmomanometer
Mm Hg
Systolic
Pulse pressure (40mmHg)
Brachial
Today’s Activities
•
•
•
•
Start IQ #3 ****stamp Hmwk: Pg. 974 #1-4
Discuss the homework
Discuss Lab Questions from yesterday
Lect/Disc: Respiratory system
– Answer IQ #2 & IQ #3
**Begin Video #1: The Respiratory System
Introductory Questions #3
• Name the two types of muscles that allow
you to breath in and out. (pg. 973)
• When a person inhales, what happens to
the diaphragm? What about when you
exhale?
• When the space in the chest cavity
(volume) increases which way does the air
move? The textbook states that it creates
a slight ____________. (see pg. 974)
Introductory Questions #2
• Reading pg. 971 (Ch. 37), place these
terms in the correct order that tracks air as
you breath:
-Pharynx
-alveoli
-nose & mouth
-bronchioles
-bronchi
-trachea
• How does your body protect itself from the
millions of particles in the air as you
breath? (see pg. 972)
• What are the tiny alveoli sacs surrounded
by?
Mammalian Respiratory Systems
• Larynx (upper part of
respiratory tract)
• Vocal cords (sound
production)
• Trachea (windpipe)
•
•
•
•
Bronchi (tube to lungs)
Bronchioles
Alveoli (air sacs)
Diaphragm (breathing
muscle)
• The bronchioles end in
clusters of tiny sacs called
alveoli
– Alveoli form the respiratory
surface of the lungs
– Oxygen diffuses
through the thin
Oxygen-rich
blood
walls of the
alveoli into
Bronchiole
the blood
Figure 22.6C
Oxygen-poor
blood
Alveoli
Blood capillaries
Figure 22.6B
Breathing
• Positive pressure breathing: pushes air into lungs (frog)
• Negative pressure breathing: pulls air into lungs (mammals)
• Inhalation: diaphragm contraction; Exhalation: diaphragm
relaxation
• Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each
breath (500ml)
• Vital capacity: maximum tidal volume during forced breathing
Regulation: CO2 concentration in blood (medulla oblongata)
The Thoracic Cavity
• Smoking causes lung cancer and
contributes to heart disease
• Smoking also causes emphysema
– Cigarette smoke
makes alveoli
brittle, causing
them to rupture
– This reduces the
lungs’ capacity
for gas exchange
Figure 22.7A, B
Video: Gas Exchange
• The human respiratory system
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Left lung
Larynx
Trachea
Right
lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
Figure 22.6A
Video #1: The Respiratory System
1. Name (2) factors that affect the rate of gas
Exchange.
2. What does Dr. Karen Martin discuss and review?
3. Name the two organisms used in explaining how
air can be stored for long periods of time when
diving.
4. Dr. Christopher Cooper discusses the process of
________
5. How is gas exchange different in a unicellular
organism vs. a multicellular?
6. Name (2) challenges faced by larger body sizes
**Write the title for each segment and FIVE
statements for each segment.
Volumes for Air Exchange
• Vital Capacity:
4500 cm3
Breath out all
the air
you can
• Tidal volume:
500 cm3
• Inspirational reserve: 3000 cm3
Normal breath
Excess air you
can still breath
in
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Residual air left over: 1000 cm3
(cannot be forced
out)
*Lungs will collapse, alveoli require this amount of
air at all times.
• During exercise, the CO2 level in the blood
rises, lowering the blood pH
– This triggers
a cascade of
events
Brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
BREATHING CONTROL
CENTERS—stimulated by:
Pons
Medulla
CO2 increase / pH decrease
in blood
Nerve signal
indicating low
O2 level
Nerve signals
trigger
contraction
of muscles
O2 sensor
in artery
Diaphragm
Figure 22.9
Rib muscles
Introductory Questions #2
• Reading pg. 971 (Ch. 37), place these
terms in the correct order that tracks air as
you breath:
-Pharynx
-alveoli
-nose & mouth
-bronchioles
-bronchi
-trachea
• How does your body protect itself from the
millions of particles in the air as you
breath? (see pg. 972)
• What are the tiny alveoli sacs surrounded
by?
Introductory Questions #3
• Name the two types of muscles that allow
you to breath in and out. (pg. 973)
• When a person inhales, what happens to
the diaphragm? What about when you
exhale?
• When the space in the chest cavity
(volume) increases which way does the air
move? The textbook states that it creates
a slight ____________. (see pg. 974)
Pg. 880
Withdraw
blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Salts
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%
CELL TYPE
NUMBER
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
5–6 million
Leukocytes
(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins
(antibodies)
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity
Transport of
oxygen
(and carbon
dioxide)
Defense and
immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
FUNCTIONS
(per mm3 of blood)
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets
250,000–
400,000
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13
Introductory Questions #4
• Name the flap of cartilage that covers the
entrance to the trachea when you swallow
food. (see pg. 971)
• Where does the actual exchange
(diffusion) of O2 and CO2 gases occur?
Why does it occur at this place?
• Which part of the brain controls the rate
and depth of breathing by sending
impulses (signals) to the diaphragm and
rib muscles?
Answers to Handouts Pg 28
Q1) Veins Carry blood to the heart at low pressure
Q2) a. Draw diagram with these labels: (see pgs. 979-980)
-lumen, endothelium, Elastic fibers & smooth muscle
b. Arteries: thicker, more elastic, usually has O2 rich blood, small lumen,
high pressure
c. Veins thin wall (low pressure) vs. arteries which have thicker walls
(high pressure)
Q3) a. Diagram drawn from reading handout A. Vein B. Artery
b. Valve (one-way)
c. Function: to prevent backflow of blood (keeping blood moving
forward)
d. The Heart
e. Draw arrows on your diagram showing the flow of blood
f. Skeletal muscle contraction
g. Contractions of the heart (ventricles)
h. Both have a lume, smooth muscle and an endothelium for the walls
Q4) a. exchange nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. Structure of a capillary is very thin, only a few cells make it up, This
makes it very “leaky” permeable for substance to move in and out.
Answers to Handouts Pg 29
Q1)
Q2)
Q3)
Q4)