Transcript circulatoryandrespiratorysystemwebquest1

The Respiratory System and
The Circulatory System
Prepared By: Chris Reyes, Robert
Rock and Keturah Reed
The Circulatory System
• The Circulatory
System utilizes the
heart to circulate
blood within the body
using blood vessels.
Heart Healthy
• The heart is made up of four chambers - two
atria and two ventricles. The atria receive blood
returning to the heart while the ventricles pump
blood from the heart.
• The heart is the muscle that works to pump
blood oxygenated throughout the body through
arteries and receives deoxygenated blood
through veins. The heart is located beneath the
sternum and is about the size of a fist. It
consists mostly of cardiac muscle. The vena
cava is the vein that directly brings blood back to
the heart. The two atria have relatively thin walls
and serve as collection chambers for returning
blood. Contraction of the atria completes filling of
the ventricles.
•
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
• The ventricles have thicker walls and contract
more strongly. The left ventricle contract very
strongly because it is responsible for pumping
blood through the aorta to al parts of the body.
• The heart contracts on a rhythmic cycle.
Contraction pumps blood and when the hearts
relaxes, chambers fill with the blood. the cardiac
cycle refers to the complete sequence of
pumping and filling. The contraction of blood is
the heart beat. The relaxation phase is the
diastole and the systole is the contraction phase.
The hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts
against the walls of a vessel and that propels the
blood is blood pressure.
•
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
• Cardiac output is the volume of blood the
left ventricle pumps out per minute. four
valves in the heart prevent backflow of
blood and blood from moving in the wrong
direction. Atrioventricular valves are
between each atrium and ventricle.
Semilunar valves are located at the two
exits.
•
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
• The pulse is the rhythmic stretching of arteries
caused by the pressure of blood driven by
powerful contractions of the ventricles which can
measure heart rate. The sinoatrial node, is the
pacemaker of the heart and sets the rate and
timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract.
The SA node creates electrical impulses that
cause both atria to contract in unison. Impulses
also pass through to atioventrical node which
ensures that the atria empty completely before
ventricles. These impulses can be conducted
through an electrocardiogram.
•
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
Circulation
• The body's circulatory system
has three distinct parts:
Pulmonary circulation,
coronary circulation, and
systemic circulation.
• Coronary circulation refers to
the movement of blood through
the tissues of the heart.
• Pulmonary Circulation refers to
the movement of blood to and
from the lungs
• Systemic circulation supplies
nourishment to all of the cells
located in the body (with the
exception of the lungs and the
heart because they have their
circulation systems) through
the aorta
• (Holmes, 2004) (Cambell &
Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
Pulmonary circulation begins as the right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs via the pulmonary arteries. As the blood flows from the capillary
beds, in the left and right lungs, it loads oxygen and unloads carbon
dioxide attained from cellular work. the oxygen rich blood flows into the
left ventricle as the ventricle opens and the atrium contracts. The left
ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood through the systemic circuit.
Systemic circulation supplies nourishment to all of the cells located in the
body (with the exception of the lungs and the heart because they have
their circulation systems) through the aorta. The blood vessels (arteries,
veins, and capillaries) are responsible for the delivery of oxygen and
nutrients to the tissue. The forceful contraction of the heart's left ventricle
forces the blood into the aorta which then branches into many smaller
arteries which run throughout the body.
The inside layer of an artery is very smooth, allowing blood to flow
quickly. The outside layer of an artery is very strong, allowing the blood to
flow very forcefully. Veins are thinner walled and convey blood back to
the heart and flow back to the heart as a result of muscle action.
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
• Many capillaries are located in every tissue to
ensure every part of the body is supplied with blood.
The distribution of blood in the capillaries depends
on smooth muscles controlled by the nervous
system and hormones. It is through capillaries that
the critical exchange of substances between blood
and interstitial fluid occur.
• The waste products are collected and waste rich
blood flows into the veins which bring bloods back to
the heart. at the heart, through pulmonary
circulation, gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
During systemic circulation, blood passes through
the kidney where much of the waste is filtered out.
Blood also collects in the portal vein of the small
intestine, where it passes through the liver, which
filters sugars from the blood and stores them for
later.
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
• Blood is made up of different cells
suspended in plasma. Blood plasma is
90% water but also consists of
inorganic salts, plasma proteins, and
substances in transit. These in transit
substances include nutrients,
metabolic wastes, respiratory gases,
and hormones.
• The cellular elements of blood make
up 45% of composition. Erthrocytes are
red blood cells. They transport oxygen
and help transport carbon dioxide.
• Leukocytes are white blood cells that
are responsible for defense and
immunity. There are four types:
Basophils, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes,
Monocytes, and Eosinophils. Platelets
are also cellular elements that aid in
blood clotting.
•
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
Take Care…
• Many complications can arise from improper care of the
cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular diseases are
diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
• Lifestyle plays a major role to the development of
cardiovascular diseases. Cholestrol is a major contributor.
It travels in blood plasma as LDLs and HDLs. LDLs are
low-density lipoproteins are bad and are associated with
deposition of cholesterol plaque in the inner walls of
arteries.
• HDLs are high-density lipoproteins that reduce cholesterol
deposits on arteries. Atherosclerosis (constant plaque
buildup in arteries), hypertension (high blood pressure),
heart attack (death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from
prolonged blockage of one or more of the coronary
arteries), and stroke ( death of nervous tissue in brain
from blockage or rupture of arteries) are problems that
can result from complications with the cardiovascular
system.
• (Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
Breathing It In – The Respiratory
System
• The Respiratory System
is made up of the nasal
cavity and pharynx,
larynx, lungs, trachea,
and bronchi. Its main
function is to supply the
body with oxygen and
take away carbon
dioxide. Breathing is so
automatic to life that we
don’t even have to think
about it. Each day we
take 20,000 breaths.
•
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna
2004)
• With every breath, we take in oxygenrich air through our nose and mouth and
our lungs fill up and empty out. Even if
the air we breathe is dirty or polluted, our
respiratory system can defend itself
through foreign substances that enter
through the nose or mouth. Pollutants
are breathed out again, coughed up,
swallowed, passed out through the
intestines or destroyed by digestive
juices, or eaten by macrophages, a type
of blood cell that patrols the body looking
for germs to destroy.
The Journey of Air
• In the nostrils air is taken in warmed and
humidified. Cilia are tiny hairs that protect the
nasal passageways and other parts of the
respiratory tract. They filter out dust and other
particles that enter the nose through breathed
air. Air can also be taken in through the mouth.
Air travels down the pharynx to the larynx. When
eating, the larynx is covered by the epiglottis – a
small flap of tissue that keeps food and liquid
going into the larynx into the lungs. The larynx is
adapted as a voice box. Sounds are created
when voluntary muscles in the voice box or
tensed.
•
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
• Next air travels down the trachea (windpipe). The
walls of the trachea are strengthened by stiff rings of
cartilage which keep it open. The trachea is also lined
with cilia, which keep fluids and foreign particles out
of the airway so that they stay out of the lungs.
• Finally, the trachea divides into two right and left
tubes known as bronchi. The bronchi connect to the
lungs. In the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller
bronchi and even smaller bronchioles which end in
tiny air sacs called alveoli. It is at alveoli that the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Oxygen diffuses into a web of surrounding capillaries,
while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction
from the capillaries into the air space.
• (Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna
2004)
• Each lung has about 300
-400 million alveoli. The
lungs contain elastic
tissues that allow them to
inflate and deflate without
losing their shape and are
encased by a thin lining
known as the pleura.
•
The thorax (chest
cavity) houses the
bronchial tree, heart,
lungs and other
structures. The ribs and
attached muscles form
the top of the thorax and
the bottom is formed by a
large muscle – the
diaphragm.
•
(Holmes, 2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005)
(Scogna 2004)
• We use negative pressure breathing for
respiration. Our respiratory system works as a
pump, pulling air into the lungs. Diaphragm
contracts and moves down when air is
inhaled. The rib cage espands as rib muscles
contract. When air exhaled, the diaphragm
relaxes and moves up. The rib cage gets
smaller as the rib muscles relax.
•
Since the lungs do not completely empty
and refill with each breath cycle, newly inhaled
air mixes with oxygen-depleted residual air,
and the maximum oxygen concentration in the
alveoli is much less than that in the
atmosphere.
• Breathing in humans is controlled by the breathing
control centers which are both located in the brain –
the medulla oblongata, and the pons. The breathing
control center in the medulla sets the basic rhythm
for breathing and the pons moderates it. (Holmes,
2004) (Cambell & Reece, 2005) (Scogna 2004)
• The medulla has nerves that sends impulses to the
diaphragm and the rib muscles causing them to
contract and inhale. The medulla’s control center
also aids in controlling the level of carbon dioxide in
blood. The sensors in the medulla detect changes in
pH of blood and cerebrospinal fluid soaking the
surface of the brain. There are other sensors in the
carotid arteries in the neck that can detect changes
in blood pH and sends messages to the medulla.
The medulla is able to alter breathing accordingly.
• Respiratory pigments are
proteins that transport
oxygen and carbon
dioxide and help buffer
blood. They increase the
amount of oxygen blood
can carry. Hemoglobin is
the respiratory pigment
humans use. Besides
assisting in oxygen and
carbon dioxide transport,
it also helps ensure no
harmful pH changes
occur in blood.
Reference Page
• Scogna, Kathleen.(2004). Respiration. In K. Lee Lerner and Brenda
Wilmoth Lerner (Ed.), Gale Encyclopedia of Science.3rd ed. Detroit:
Gale, 2004. Retrieved April 30, 2008 from Science Resource
Center. Thomson Gale. fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/respiration.html >
• Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J.B.(2005). Carbon and the Molecular
Diversity of Life. In B. Wilbur (Ed.), AP Edition Biology (7th ed.) (pp.
867 - 896). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings
• Holmes, Leonard D. “Circulatory System." Gale Encyclopedia of
Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 3rd ed.
Detroit: Gale, 2004. Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 14
November 2007 <library.thinkquest.org/5777/cir1.htm >
Activity 1
Lymphocyte
Detective
• You are T. Lymphoson, a detective in
the white blood cell police department
responsible for taking care of Peter
Jameson’s circulatory system.
• Peter is a middle-aged man
recovering from prostate cancer. He
has just been released from the
hospital after undergoing surgery to
remove early developing tumors in his
prostate.
• The police force has been extremely
lethargic due to the extensive bed rest
after the surgery but is on high alert
for any signs of disease that might be
caused by a metastatic tumor.
• You, Detective Lymphoson, are responsible for patrolling the
circulatory system for any suspects who might cause harm to Peter.
Urgent Situation!!
• The blood pressure in Peter’s right leg has risen, possibly
due to a blockage in one of the blood vessels there. He is
in extreme pain and there is swelling in the muscles of his
thigh.
• Detective Lymphoson suspects it is plaque buildup in the
arteries due to Peter’s unhealthy high cholesterol diet. He
uses his map of the major blood vessels of the leg to
navigate through the leg and round up suspects.
On The Trail
• Detective Lymphoson must question red blood cells, platelets,
and other white blood cells in the leg to find out if they have
seen something.
• The high blood pressure can be the cause of some sickness
resulting from Peter’s weakened immune system after the
cancer surgery.
• Use these websites to find possible causes of high blood
pressure and swelling in the body:
http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=2152
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/high-blood-pressure/HQ01345
Culprit Found
• The source of the pain
and cause of the
pressure has been
found. It is a thrombus
in the great
saphenous vein.
• Detective Lymphoson
calls for backup but it
is no use, the
circulatory police have
nothing that can
dislodge the
thrombosis. As the
pain and swelling
worsen Peter goes to
the hospital.
At the Hospital
•
Peter is diagnosed with Thrombophlebitis due to his
extensive bed rest after the operation. He is given
anticoagulant medications which should break up the clot and
clear the vein.
• Use the web resources to research thrombophlebitis and find
possible anticoagulant medications that would be the best fit
for Peter’s condition:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/thrombophlebitis/DS00223
http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform
.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/anticoagulant_and_antiplatelet_
drugs.jsp
A New Ally
•
The anticoagulant medicine, Warfarin, is administered. It
spreads throughout the body and thins Peter’s blood.
• The thrombus is dislodged but the problem is not completely
over. Peter’s blood clot could become lodged in other blood
vessels.
• It is your job to create a diet and medication plan that will
prevent blood clots and lower Peter’s blood pressure.
• Use these websites and others of your choice to create a plan
of action:
http://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/blood-clots.html
http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/prevention.htm
Are YOU Smarter
than a Red Blood
Cell?
Level 1- Heart Healthy
• What is the main function of the heart?
• Name the four chambers of the heart and
their function.
• What seperates these chambers and what
prevents the backflow of blood?
Level 1 - Answers
• The heart’s main function is to receive
deoxygenated blood, direct it to the lungs and
pump oxygenated blood thrughout the entire
body.
• The four chambers of the heart are the right
atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left
ventricle.
• The heart is the size of a clenched fist.
• GOOD JOB!! If you answered accurately,
advance to level 2. If not, go back and read the
introduction, because you have been eliminated.
I guess a blood cell can beat you anyday…
• Name the three types of circulation and
their functions.
• What is cholestrol? Name the types and
how it travels.
• The body's circulatory system has three distinct parts:
Pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation, and systemic
circulation.Coronary circulation refers to the movement
of blood through the tissues of the heart. Pulmonary
Circulation refers to the movement of blood to and from
the lungs. Systemic circulation supplies nourishment to
all of the cells located in the body (with the exception of
the lungs and the heart because they have their
circulation systems) through the aorta.
• Cholestrol is travels in blood plasma as LDLs and HDLs.
LDLs are low-density lipoproteins are bad and are
associated with deposition of cholesterol plaque in the
inner walls of arteries. HDLs are high-density
lipoproteins that reduce cholesterol deposits on arteries.
• Doing GREAT!! Keep up the good work!
Level 3
• What does blood carry that is essential to
cellular work and how does it transport
this?
• What does blood consist of?
• Name the types of white blood cells and
their function.
• Blood carries oxygen through the respiratory pigment,
hemoglobin.
• Blood is made up of different cells suspended in plasma. Blood
plasma is 90% water but also consists of inorganic salts, plasma
proteins, and substances in transit. These in transit substances
include nutrients, metabolic wastes, respiratory gases, and
hormones.
• The cellular elements of blood make up 45% of composition.
Erthrocytes are red blood cells. They transport oxygen and help
transport carbon dioxide.
• Leukocytes are white blood cells that are responsible for defense
and immunity. There are four types: Basophils, Neutrophils,
Lymphocytes, Monocytes, and Eosinophils. Platelets are also
cellular elements that aid in blood clotting.
Breathing Made Easy
• What makes up the respiratory system
• Name the function of the respiratory
system.
• The Respiratory System is made up of the
nasal cavity and pharynx, larynx, lungs,
trachea, and bronchi. Its main function is
to supply the body with oxygen and take
away carbon dioxide.
• What happens to inhaled pollutants?
• Do we have a positive pressure breathing
system.
• How does our system function to inhale
air?
• Pollutants are breathed out again, coughed up,
swallowed, passed out through the intestines or
destroyed by digestive juices, or eaten by macrophages,
a type of blood cell that patrols the body looking for
germs to destroy.
• We use negative pressure breathing for respiration. Our
respiratory system works as a pump, pulling air into the
lungs. Diaphragm contracts and moves down when air is
inhaled. The rib cage espands as rib muscles contract.
When air exhaled, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up.
The rib cage gets smaller as the rib muscles relax.
Activity 3
It’s Getting
Harder & Harder
to Breathe
Doctor Parrish M.D.
• You are Dr. Leonardo
Parrish the leading
professional on respiratory
disorders.
• The patients name is
Anastasia Lamari, she has
been rushed to the hospital
on what seems to be a
severe case of asthma.
• Along with your resident
doctors Michaelangelo,
Donatello, and Raphael you
must discover what plagues
Ms. Lamari.
Background of Ms. Lamari
• Ms. Lamari is a 27 year old
women that leads a very
active life. She has had
asthma since she was born,
but it has never really taken
a toll on her. The only time
of seriously known
problems is when her
asthma occurs during the
allergy season. Before the
hospital she was running in
the park with her friend
when suddenly she felt the
shortness of breath attack
her and suddenly she
collapsed.
•Your job is to discover if it was just allergies with asthma
which caused her fall or if it was something more...
What is it we are dealing
with?
• So what is really happening with Ms. Lamari?
• As soon as she arrives at the hospital you
administer the medication abuterol into her
system in order to dilate her airways and zyrtec
so that the allergy symptoms will be reduced.
After the treatment is done she appears to still
have symptoms which resemble allergies and
asthma. What is the disease which is infected
her?
O the Possibilities
• After strenuous research you discover it
can either be one of two diseases:
• 1. Acute Bronchitus
• 2. Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
• If you think its disease 1 go to slide 7 but if
you think it is disease 2 go to slide 6.
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
• So you have diagnosed that the Ms. Lamari has
pulmonary sarcoidosis.
• You treat her for the disease with corticosteroids and
the her breathing rate begins to return to normal,
however there seems to be something else wrong.
Although her breathing problems have subsided
there seems to be a rather raspy dry cough. This
could be just a random symptom or side effect of the
treatment or it may be something else…
• If you wish to continue with the sarcoidosis
treatment go to slide 8, but if you wish to return to
the drawing board return to slide 5.
Acute Bronchitis
• The diagnosis you have chosen is acute bronchitis
• Click here to learn more about bronchitis.
• You administer the treatment for bronchitis with
analgesics, cough medicine, and an increase in her fluid
intake. The treatment appears to be working but it seems
that her slight fever is becoming more advanced and its
causing her heavy perspiration along with a higher
temperature. This means it could have evolved into a new
respiratory disorder. Use the links provided to discover
which disease bronchitis has developed into. The choices
are Pneumonia, Pulmonary Embolism, and cystic fibrosis.
• Link: http://www.rush.edu/rumc/page-1098994231911.html\
• Once you have found the disease continue to slide 9.
So long….
• You have continued with the pulmonary
sacoidosis and the cough has just become
more painful for Ms. Lamari.
• Soon after the cough she develops a
terrible fever and from this she develops
an infection which results in the the death
of Ms. Anastasia Lamari…
• Return to slide 5.
SO IT WAS YOU!!
• Congratulations you found out that the true disease
was PNEUMONIA.
• The discovery was that the it was viral pneumonia
which entered the system from when she was
running in the park. The viral pneumonia developed
into bacterial pneumonia. She became infected with
Streptococcus pneumoniae. You begin to treat her
with the antibiotic and with time her symptoms
dissipate and she become wells again.
• Congratulations on successfully solving the case.
• MS. LAMARI LIVES!!!