Transcript Chapter 6:

Chapter 10
Review of Human Systems
Anatomy and Physiology
Objectives
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Discuss importance of human anatomy
related to paramedic practice
Describe anatomical position
Interpret anatomical terms
List structures of the axial and appendicular
skeleton
Define division of the abdomen
List the three major body cavities and their
contents
2
Objectives
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Discuss functions of cellular structures
Describe cellular reproduction
Differentiate between body tissue types
Label and list functions of body organs
Label and list functions of special senses
3
Fun Games

University of Minnesota

Web Anatomy


Anatomy Arcade


http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/
http://anatomyarcade.com/
McGraw Hill

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072351136/student_view0/a_p_arcade.html
4
UW School of Medicine

IME Video Library

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/
5
Terminology
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Anatomical
position
6
Terminology
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Supine
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Prone
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On back, face up
On stomach, face down
Lateral recumbent
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On side
7
Anatomical Planes
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Sagittal plane
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Transverse plane
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Vertical
left and right sides
horizontal
top and bottom halves
Frontal plane
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coronal
front and back
8
Body Regions
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Appendicular
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Extremities
Axial
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Head, neck, thorax, abdomen
9
Body Regions
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Abdominal region
KNOW THE
ORGANS IN
EACH
QUADRANT
10
Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic
Cavities
11
cell: Eukaryotes ~ nucleus
12
Cells
Most basic unit of life
 Composed of protoplasm
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living contents of cell
surrounded by plasma membrane
Main parts of human cells
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Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
13
Cytoplasm and Organelles
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Cytoplasm
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gel-like
Organelles
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Functional
structures
14
Cells
Endoplasmic
reticulum
 Ribosomes
 Golgi apparatus
 Lysosomes
 Mitochondria
 Centrioles
 Nucleus
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Nucleolus
Chromatin granules
15
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cytoplasmic (plasma)
membrane
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Nucleus
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Ribosome formation
Ribosomes
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protein synthesis (DNA)
Nucleoli
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regulates movement into and
out of cell
synthesize protein
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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rough: protein
smooth: lipid and carb
synthesis
16
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Mitochondria
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Lysosomes
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cell reproduction
Cilia
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synthesize carbs, bind with
protein
packages product as globules
of glycoprotein
Centrioles
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Digestive system
Golgi apparatus (complex)
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powerhouse
movement (hair-like)
flagella
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movement (tail-like)
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Cell Functions
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Movement
Conductivity
Metabolic absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Respiration
Reproduction
18
Cell Reproduction
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Human cells (except sex cells) reproduce
by mitosis
Division throughout life
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Some divide until near time of birth
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Epithelial cells
Liver cells
Bone marrow cells
Nerve cells
Skeletal muscle cells
Apoptosis: Cell death
19
Tissues
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Epithelial
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Connective
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Seven subgroups
cells with matrix
Muscle
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Classified by shape and
arrangement of cells
continuous sheet of cells
Skeletal, cardiac,
smooth
Nerve
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Neurons, neuroglia
20
How is your tissue like a house?
21
Organ Systems
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Organ
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two or more tissues
organized to perform a more complex
function than one tissue alone can
accomplish
System
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Group of organs
perform a more complex function than any
one organ alone can accomplish
11 major organ systems in the human body
22
Body
Systems
23
Integumentary System
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Largest organ system
Functions
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Protection against injury
Prevention of dehydration
Defense against infection
Aid in temperature regulation
24
Integumentary System
Epidermis
 Dermis
 Hair
 Nails
 Glands
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25
Integumentary System
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Superficial Thorax and Abdomen
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(8.00 minutes)
http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1250
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2.26 Dermal Layers
 SC tissue
 Nerves
 Anatomic Landmarks
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6.20 Lymph Nodes
26
Skeletal System
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Bones
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short bones
longs bones
flat bones
27
skeletal system
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Connective tissues
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Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments
28
Axial Skeleton
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Skull
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28 bones
Hyoid bone
29
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Vertebral column
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Axial Skeleton
26 bones
5 regions
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7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
1 sacral bone
 5 fused vertebrae
1 coccygeal bone
 5 fused vertebrae
30
Axial Skeleton—Vertebral Column
31
Thoracic Cage
Protects organs
 Prevents collapse
of thorax
 12 rib pairs
 Sternum
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3 components
32
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Abdominal wall, Back Muscles, & Spinal
Cord ~ 24.40
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http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1251
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Pectoralis muscle
Ribs, Intercostals Spaces
10.30: Back and Vertebral columns
33
Appendicular Skeleton
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Bones of the upper and lower extremities
and their girdles
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Pectoral girdle
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Scapula and clavicle
Attaches upper limbs to the axial skeleton
34
Upper Extremity
Humerus
 Radius/ulna
 Wrist
 Hand
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35
Pelvic Girdle
Attaches legs to
trunk
 Coxae
 Acetabulum
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36
Femur
Longest bone
 Articulates with
acetabulum
 Articulates with
patella
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37
Tibia
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Larger than
fibula
Supports most of
leg's weight
Distal end forms
lateral malleolus
Medial side of
ankle joint
38
Fibula
Does not articulate
with femur
 Articulates with tibia
 Distal end forms
lateral malleolus
 Lateral aspect of
ankle joint
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39
Foot
Tarsals,
metatarsals, and
phalanges
 Talus articulates
with tibia and fibula
 Calcaneus
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40
Biomechanics of Body Movement
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All bones (except hyoid) connect to at least
one other bone
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Three major classifications of joints:
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Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
41
Fibrous Joints
Two bones joined
by fibrous tissue
 Little or no
movement
 Sutures
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42
Fibrous Joints
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Syndesmoses
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slightly moveable
bones united by
interosseous
membrane
Gomphoses
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binds teeth to bone
sockets
only joint where bone
does not join another
bone
43
Cartilaginous Joints
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Synchondroses
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Bones joined with hyaline cartilage
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epiphyseal growth plate in children
costal cartilage
Symphysis
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Bones joined with fibrocartilage
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fusion
44
Synovial Joints
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Contain synovial fluid
Plane or gliding joints
Saddle joints
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Ball-and-socket joints
Ellipsoid joints
45
Synovial Joints
46
Types of Movement
Flexion
 Extension
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47
Types of Movement
Abduction
 Adduction
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48
Types of Movement
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Medial
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Lateral
49
Types of Movement
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Circumduction
50
Types of Movement
Pronation
 Supination
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51
Muscular System
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Primary functions of skeletal muscle:
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Movement
Postural maintenance
Heat production
52
Physiology of Skeletal Muscle
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Contractile cells
(muscle fibers)
Skeletal muscle fiber
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Sarcomere
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Thick and thin
myofilaments
Contractile unit of
skeletal muscle
Contraction process
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Myofilaments slide
toward each other
53
Neuromuscular Junction
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Impulse enters
muscle fibers
through motor
neuron
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Neuromuscular
junction (synapse)
54
Skeletal Muscle Movement
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Muscle contraction pulls bone toward another across
movable joint
Attachment of each muscle at origin and insertion
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Synergists:
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Antagonists
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works in concert with other muscles
works in opposite direction
Prime mover
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move joint in particular direction
agonist with synergist muscle groups
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Skeletal Muscle Movement
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Types of Muscle Contraction
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Isometric or isotonic
Muscle movement often is
a combination of isometric
and isotonic contraction
http://www.spike.com/video
-clips/mktv3a/ode-to-jackiechan
57
Postural Maintenance
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Muscle tone
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Keeps back and legs straight
Head upright
Abdomen flat
58
Heat Production
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Chemical reaction
Breakdown of ATP during muscle
contraction results in some energy loss as
heat
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Largely responsible for normal body temperature
Shivering
59
Nervous System
Major regulatory
and coordinating
system
 Rapidly transmits
information from
one body area to
another
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60
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
 Spinal cord
 Continuous with
each other
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61
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves
 Ganglia
 43 pairs of nerves form
PNS
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12 pairs from brain
31 pairs from spinal cord
Afferent division
 Efferent division
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLrhYzdbbpE&feature=related
62
Autonomic Nervous System
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Transmits action potentials from CNS
to
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Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Certain glands
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFYRosjcVuU
63
Central Nervous System
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Brain and spinal
cord
64
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM
Brain Stem
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQetOVB_VZo
Medulla, pons,
and midbrain
 Connects spinal
cord to brain
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65
Medulla
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Inferior portion of
brain stem
 Pathway for
ascending and
descending nerve
tracts
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Regulates:
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Heart rate
Blood vessel
diameter
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting
Coughing
Sneezing
66
Pons
Relays
information from
cerebrum to
cerebellum
 Sleep center
 Respiratory
center
 Helps control
breathing
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67
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
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Smallest region of brain stem
Involved in
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Audio pathways in the CNS
Visual reflexes
Helps regulate coordination of motor activities
and muscle tone
68
Reticular Formation
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A group of nuclei scattered throughout the
brain stem
Part of reticular activating system
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Involved in sleep-wake cycle and in maintaining
consciousness
69
Diencephalon
Between brain
stem and
cerebrum
 Thalamus and
hypothalamus
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eJcHefMSiI
70
Thalamus
Largest portion of
diencephalon
 Receives sensory input
 Relays impulses to
cerebral cortex
 Influences mood,
general body
movements
 Strong emotions

71
Hypothalamus
Major controller
 “Gatekeeper" to
cerebrum
 Active in
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Emotions
Hormonal cycles
Sexual activity
Temperature
regulation
72
Cerebrum
Largest portion of
brain
 Right and left
hemispheres
 Each hemisphere
divided into lobes

73
Cerebrum
Frontal lobe
 Parietal lobe
 Occipital lobe
 Temporal lobe

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIo6ck75EZc&feature=related
74
Limbic System
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Portions of cerebrum and diencephalon
Influences:
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Emotions (and visceral responses)
Motivation
Mood
Sensations of pain and pleasure
75
Cerebellum
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Second largest part of brain
Major functions
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Motor coordination
Compares impulses from motor cortex with
those from moving structures
Compares intended movement with actual
movement
Responsible for precise movements
76
Spinal Cord

Location and function



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Dorsal root
Ventral root
Spinal ganglia
Primary reflex center
77
Meninges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1liTxUxT9xQ&feature=related
78
Peripheral Nervous System
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Collects information from inside body and
body surface
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Relays information by afferent fibers to CNS
Relays information by efferent fibers from CNS to
various parts of body
79
Cranial Cavity
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IME Videos

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1269
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25:55 minutes
80
Spinal Nerves
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First pair exits between skull
and first cervical vertebrae
Spinal nerves in sacrum exit
the bone
8 pairs exit in cervical region
12 pairs exit in thoracic
region
5 pairs in lumbar region
5 pairs in sacral region
1 pair in coccygeal region
81
Dermatomes
Spinal nerves (except C1) have specific
cutaneous sensory distribution
 Dermatome:


Skin surface area supplied by single spinal nerve
82
Cranial Nerve Functions
Sensory
 Somatomotor
 Proprioception
 Parasympathet
ic

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NYFedWKAGI&feature=fvsr
83
Autonomic Nervous System


Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons

Somatomotor neurons
84
Autonomic Nervous System
85
Endocrine System

Hormones


Dissolved in blood
plasma
Quickly distributed
throughout the body
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ
86
Circulatory System


Blood functions
Blood components


Plasma (55%)
Formed elements (45%)



Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
87
Anatomy of the Heart

Muscular pump


Two atria
Two ventricles
Cone shaped
 Size of a closed
fist

88
89
90

Thorax (26.41)

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1253


Lungs, pleura
Heart and pericardium
91
Anatomy of the Heart
In mediastinum
 In pericardial
cavity


2/3 of mass lies left
of midline of
sternum
Pericardium
 Coronary vessels

92
Coronary Vessels
Aorta
 Pulmonary trunk
 Right and left
coronary
arteries

93
Heart Chambers and Valves
Interatrial septum
 Interventricular
septum
 Atrioventricular (AV)
valves




Tricuspid valve
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Semilunar valves

Aortic and pulmonary
semilunar valves
94
Conduction System of the Heart
Sinoatrial node
 Atrioventricular
node
 Bundle of His
 Purkinje fibers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxKBQqe_Bo0
95
Normal Conduction

Sequence of
normal impulse
conduction






SA node
Both atria
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
Both ventricles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riUAFkV7HCU&feature=related
96
Blood Flow through the Heart
97
Peripheral Circulation

Flow of blood





Ventricles
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venous system

Thinner, less elastic than arteries
98
Capillary Network
Blood supply to
capillaries
by arterioles
 Blood flows to
venules



Flow regulated by
precapillary sphincters
Function

Nutrient and waste
exchange
99
Arteries and Veins

Walls have three layers of elastic tissue (except
capillaries and venules)

Tunica intima


Tunica media


(inner layer)
(middle layer)
Tunica adventitia

(outer layer)
100
Types of Arteries

Conducting arteries


Distributing arteries


Large and elastic
Small to medium size
Arterioles

Smallest
101
Venules




Similar structure to capillaries
Collect blood from capillaries
Transport blood to small veins
Nutrient exchange occurs across venule
walls
102
Veins
Walls are layer of
smooth muscle cells
 Medium and large
veins carry blood to
venous trunks and
then to heart
 Large veins have
valves


Allow blood to flow to
but not from the heart
103
Arteriovenous Anastomoses




AV shunts
Allow blood flow from arteries to veins
without passing through capillaries
Natural AV shunts
Pathological shunts
104
Pulmonary Circulation

Blood from right ventricle is pumped into
pulmonary trunk

Bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries


Transports blood to respective lungs
After exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide:

Two pulmonary veins exit each lung and enter
the left atrium
105
Systemic Circulation



Blood enters left heart from pulmonary
veins
Blood passes through left atrium into left
ventricle and then into aorta
From aorta, blood is pumped throughout
the body
106
Arteries of Systemic Circulation







Aorta
Coronary arteries
Arteries to the head and neck
Arteries of the upper and
lower limbs
Thoracic aorta and its
branches
Abdominal aorta and its
branches
Arteries of the pelvis
107
Veins of Systemic Circulation
Coronary veins
 Veins of the head and
neck
 Veins of the upper and
lower limbs
 Veins of the thorax
 Veins of the abdomen
and pelvis
 Veins of the hepaticportal system

108
Lymphatic System




Considered part of circulatory system
Carries fluid away from tissues
Components
Functions



Maintain fluid balance
Absorb fats
Role in immune system
109
Posterior Thorax

Posterior Thorax (21.07)

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1254
110
Airway Anatomy

Upper airway


Above glottis
Lower airway

Below glottis
111
Pharynx

Nasopharynx






Uppermost part of
airway
Behind nasal
cavities
Nasal septum
Vestibule
Olfactory
membranes
Sinuses
112
Pharynx

Oropharynx



Begins at level of
uvula
Extends to
epiglottis
Opens into oral
cavity
113
Pharynx

Laryngopharynx


Tip of epiglottis to
glottis and
esophagus
Mucous membrane
lining to protect
internal surfaces
114
Larynx

Three functions



Air passageway
Prevents solids and
liquids from entering
respiratory tree
Speech production
115
Larynx

Nine cartilages


Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage


Only complete
cartilaginous ring in
larynx
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
 Cricothyroid
membrane

116
Larynx

Vestibular folds


False vocal cords
Vocal cords

True vocal cords
117

Mouth and Pharynx

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1272

Start at 13.15





13.15: Pharynx, innervations of cranial nerves
19.30: pharynx: nasal, oral, laryngeal
28.30: Submandibular Triangle: Hypoglossal Cranial nerve
32.30: Nasopharynx
Nasal Cavity and Larynx (10.43)

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1273

7:00: Larynx
118
Lower Airway Structures
Trachea
 Bronchial tree




Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
 Lungs

119
Pulmonary Surfactant


Thin film that coats alveoli
Prevents alveoli from collapsing
120
Lungs





Respiration
Attached to heart by
pulmonary arteries and
veins
Separated by mediastinum
Bases of lungs rest on
diaphragm
Apex extends 2.5 cm above
clavicles
121
Pleural Cavity
Pleural cavity
surrounds each
lung
 Two layers
(visceral and
parietal)
 Pleural space

122
Digestive
System
 Provides body with water, electrolytes,

and nutrients
Specialized to





Ingest food
Propel food through GI tract
Absorb nutrients
Functions
Components
123

Peritoneal Cavity (24.48)

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1255




6.35: tour of abdominal organs
9.58: Testes, ovaries, hernia pathways
20.15: Inguinal triangle
Blood supply

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/6875
124
Stomach
Storage and mixing
area
 Secretes mucus
 Gastric gland
secretes:





Hydrochloric acid
Intrinsic factor
Gastrin
Pepsinogen
125
Small Intestine
Secretes mucus,
electrolytes, water
 Lubricates and
protects intestinal
walls
 Mixes, propels chyme
 Absorbs fluid and
nutrients

126
Liver

Secretes 600-1000 mL bile per day



Dilutes stomach acid
Emulsifies fat
Role in




Iron metabolism
Plasma-protein production
Detoxification of drugs
Glucose metabolism
127
Gallbladder


Stores bile
Stimulated to contract by



Cholecystokinin
Secretin
Excretes bile into small intestine
128
Pancreas

Exocrine gland

Pancreatic juice




Amylase
Sodium bicarbonate
Other digestive enzymes
Endocrine gland


Insulin
Glucagon
129
Large Intestine



Absorption of water and salts
Secretion of mucus
Microorganism actions




Vitamin K
Nutrient release and absorption
Conversion of chyme
Defecation through anus
130

Posterior Abdominal Wall (10.08)

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1256
131
Urinary System

Helps maintain:




Homeostasis
Constant body fluid volume and composition
Control of RBC production
Vitamin D metabolism
132
Kidneys
On either side of
vertebral column
 Outer cortex and
inner medulla
 Nephron


Basic functional
unit of kidney
133
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and
Urethra
Ureters
 Urinary bladder

Male urinary bladder
134
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and
Urethra

Urethra


In males, extends to
end of penis, where
it opens to outside
In females, much
shorter urethra

Opens into
vestibule anterior to
vaginal opening
Male urinary bladder
135
Urine Production
Filtration
 Reabsorption
 Secretion

136
Urine Regulation

Controlled by:



Hormonal mechanisms
Autoregulation
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
137
Hormonal Mechanisms




Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Atrial natriuretic factor
Prostaglandins and kinins
138
Autoregulation



Kidneys can regulate stable filtration rate
over a wide range of blood pressures
Large increases in arterial pressure
increase rate of urine production
Decreases in arterial pressure decrease
urine production
139
Sympathetic Nervous System
Stimulation


Sympathetic neurons innervate blood
vessels of the kidney
Decreased renal blood flow may result from



Severe stress
Intense exercise
Circulatory shock
140
Male Reproductive System
Testes
 Epididymis
 Ductus deferens
 Urethra
 Seminal vesicles
 Prostate gland
 Bulbourethral
glands
 Scrotum
 Penis

141
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
 Fallopian tubes
 Uterus
 Vagina
 External genitalia
 Mammary glands

142
Ovaries


Ovaries are attached to broad ligament
(mesovarium)
Other ovarian ligaments


Suspensory ligament
Ovarian ligament
143
Ovaries


Ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves
traverse the suspensory ligament
Enter the ovary through mesovarium



Dense outer portion (cortex)
Looser inner portion (medulla)
Ovarian follicles
Each contains an oocyte
 Distributed throughout cortex

144
Uterine Tubes
Ducts for the ovaries
 Open directly into the peritoneal cavity
to receive the oocyte

145
Uterus
Size and shape of a
pear
 Fundus
 Cervix

146
External Genitalia (Vulva)
Vestibule and
surrounding
structures
 Labia minora
 Clitoris
 Labia majora
 Clinical perineum


Area between
vagina and anus
147
Mammary Glands
Milk production
 Lactiferous duct
divides to form
smaller ducts


Forms secretory
sacs that secrete
milk during nursing
148
Special Senses


Provide brain with information about
outside world
Include:




Smell
Taste
Sight
Hearing and balance
149
Olfactory Sense Organs
Receptors lie in upper nasal cavity
 Impulses are interpreted by brain as
odors

150
Taste
Taste receptors
 Taste buds

151
Visual System





Eyes
Accessory structures
Optic nerve, tract, and pathways
Second cranial nerve (optic nerve)
Third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve)
152

Orbit (11.21)

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1270
153
Anatomy of the Eye
Sclera
 Cornea
 Vascular tunic
 Iris
 Retina
 Compartments of
the eye



Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
154
Compartments of the Eye

Anterior chamber

Aqueous humor




Helps regulate
intraocular
pressure
Refracts light
Provides nutrition
Posterior
chamber

Vitreous humor

Helps regulate
intraocular
pressure
155
Accessory Structures
Conjunctiva
 Lacrimal gland

156
Hearing and Balance
External ear
 Middle ear
 Inner ear

157

Ear (5.27)

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1271
158
Conclusion
The paramedic must thoroughly
understand human anatomy to organize a
patient assessment by body region and to
communicate effectively with medical
direction and other members of the health
care team.
159
Questions?
160