Human anatomy - Underground Notes

Download Report

Transcript Human anatomy - Underground Notes

Human Body
Systems
BioEd Online
Levels of Organization in the Body




Cells
Tissues
 Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organs
 Examples include stomach, liver, heart
Organ Systems
 Examples include digestive and circulatory systems
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Tissues in the Human Body




Epithelial
 Covering or lining tissue
Connective
 Joins, stores and supports
Blood
Muscle
 Internal and external movement
Nerve
 Conducts electrical signals
Muscle
Nerve
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Organ Systems
Skeletal
Muscular
Circulatory
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Excretory
Reproductive
Nervous
Endocrine
Integumentary
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Skeletal System

Functions



Framework and support
Protection
Storage

Axial and appendicular skeleton

Bone structure

Joints and ligaments
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Skeleton Diagram
Skull
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Phalanges
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Compact Bone Tissue
Haversian system
Blood vessels
Osteocyte
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Muscular System



Functions
 Movement
 Warmth
 Posture
Muscle Properties
 Ability to contract
 Ability to be stretched
 Ability to respond to a stimulus
Muscle Types
 Skeletal
 Smooth
 Cardiac
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Muscular System Diagram
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachi
Gluteus maximus
Rectus femoris
Gastrocnemius
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Three Types of Human Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Myosin
Actin
Sarcomere
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Circulatory System


Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and
hormones and also distributes heat
Structures of circulatory system
 Heart
 Vessels


Blood
Lymphatic system
Erythrocytes
White blood cells
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Diagram of Human Heart
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium
Mitral Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Anterior
view
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Immune System

Nonspecific defense responses
 Skin and mucous membranes

Inflammatory response
Temperature
Proteins

White blood cells



Specific immune responses
 Humoral immunity

Cell-mediated immunity
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Disease Prevention in Humans

Identifying Pathogens - Koch’s Postulates

Vaccination - Edward Jenner

Disorders
 Allergies
 Autoimmune disease

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Respiratory System


Respiration is gas exchange between an organism and
the environment
Respiratory structures include the nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

Mechanics of Breathing

Respiratory Diseases
Exhalation
Inhalation
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Respiratory System Diagram
Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Bronchus
Alveoli
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Digestive System


Digestion is the breakdown of nutrients to a level that
can be used by cells of the body.
Structures
 GI tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine)


Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall
bladder, pancreas)
Nutrition
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Digestive System Diagram
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Villi
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Excretory System


Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes from the
body, including toxic chemicals, excess water, carbon
dioxide and salts.
Excretory Organs
 Skin


Lungs
Kidneys
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Urinary System Diagram
Nephron
Kidney
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
Bladder
Urethra
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Reproductive System

Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)

Fertilization – produce zygote

Male Reproductive System



Testes
Epididymus, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle,
prostate gland, Cowper’s gland
Female Reproductive System

Ovary

Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Male Reproductive System
Urinary bladder
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Urethra
Seminal vesicle
Epididymus
Penis
Testis
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Female Reproductive System
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Vagina
Anterior View
Sagittal
View
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Ovary
Vagina
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Endocrine System

The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that
produce hormones.


Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid,
parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary,
testes
Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through
the blood stream and affect activities throughout the
body.
 Steroid hormones
 Nonsteroid hormones
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Endocrine System Diagram
Hypothalamus and
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Thyroid and
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Nervous System



Controls and coordinates functions throughout the
body
Neurons are specialized cells that transmit impulses
throughout the body.
Nervous System


Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System


Somatic
Autonomic
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Neuron Diagram
Dendrite
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
terminals
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Diagram of Human Brain
Cerebrum
Corpus
callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal cord
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Human Integumentary System


Consists of the skin, hair, and nails
Skin
 Epidermis
 Dermis

Subcutaneous tissue

Hair and nails
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Homeostasis:
Regulating the Internal Environment

A controlled, stable internal environment

Gains and losses must balance

Control systems
 Receptor, control center, effector
 Feedback loops


Negative feedback
Positive feedback
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org
Thank You


This concludes a brief review of the human body
systems.
You may find additional information on this section of
Domain IV, The Diversity of Life, in the expanded
content talks, and in the notes attached to each slide in
the library.
BioEd Online
www.BioEdOnline.org