Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 15 – 16
Circulation and Respiration
The Circulatory System
1
The Heart
• Your heart is an organ made of cardiac
muscle tissue.
• Your heart has four compartments called
chambers.
• The two upper chambers are called the right
and left atriums
• The two lower chambers are called the right
and left ventricles
The Circulatory System
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The Heart
• The blood flows only in one direction from
an atrium to a ventricle, then from a ventricle
into a blood vessel.
• The septum = a
wall that separates
the two atriums or
the two ventricles.
• It prevents blood
from flowing in
the wrong place
Click box to view movie.
The Circulatory System
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The Heart
• Scientist have divided the circulatory system
into three sections – coronary circulation,
pulmonary circulation, and systemic
circulation.
Heart rate and activity
Activity causes your heart rate to increase
What does the mitochondria do?
Mitochondria releases energy from food - sugar
Why does the heart have more mitochondria?
The heart never stops working
and so it needs more energy
The Circulatory System
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Systemic Circulation
• Oxygen- rich blood
moves to all of
your organs and
body tissues,
except the heart
and lungs, by
systemic
circulation, and
oxygen-poor blood
returns to the heart.
The Circulatory System
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Systemic Circulation
• Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from your
heart to the body
• Nutrients and oxygen are delivered by blood
to your body cells and carbon dioxide and
wastes are removed.
• Finally, the blood returns to your heart in the
veins
The Circulatory System
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Coronary Circulation
Coronary circulation, is the flow of blood to
and from the tissue of the heart.
A heart attack is when
the coronary circulation
is blocked.
Oxygen and nutrients
cannot reach all the
cells of the heart
The Circulatory System
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Pulmonary Circulation
A. Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood :
1. from the heart to lungs and
2. back to the heart.
The Circulatory System
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Pulmonary Circulation
Heart has four chambers
Atri ums
Vent ricles
Valve is a one
way passage
in heart
and vein
Blood flow
Foot Vein From Body –
inferior vena cava
right atrium – right ventricle
pulmonary artery – LUNGS - pulmonary vein
left atrium – left ventricle – aorta
Hearts own blood
- To Body
Superior- above
Right
atrium
right
Inferior below
Vena= vein
artery
vein
heart
me
P425 text
What is this
a model
for?
Why?
The Circulatory System
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The Circulatory System
Capillary – smallest vessel
that connects arteries to veins
O2 & nutrients
Vein
Waste
and carbon dioxide
capillary
Co2 & waste
Artery
Nutrient rich,
oxygen rich
Waste
and carbon dioxide,
from tissue
Nutrients and oxygen to tissue,
nutrients leaves capillary into
tissues
White = tissue
Skin, muscle,
Heart,etc
Blood flow
Foot Vein From Body –
inferior vena cava
right atrium – right ventricle
pulmonary artery – LUNGS - pulmonary vein
left atrium – left ventricle – aorta
Hearts own blood
- To Body
The Circulatory System
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How Materials Move Through
the Body
• Materials are moved throughout your body
by your cardiovascular system.
• The cardiovascular includes your heart,
(kilometers of) blood vessels, and blood.
The Circulatory System
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How Materials Move Through
the Body
• Blood vessels carry blood
to every part of your body.
• Blood moves oxygen and
nutrients to cells.
• Blood carries carbon
dioxide and other wastes
away from the cells.
Blood is like a train
- it carries good stuff to the cells
AND
- it removes bad stuff
Parts of Blood
Blood
• Blood is a tissue made of plasma, platelets
and red and white blood cells.
The liquid part of blood
is mostly water and is called
plasma.
Nutrients, minerals, and oxygen
are dissolved in plasma and
carried to cells.
•Cellular wastes are also carried in plasma
Blood
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Blood Cells
• Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a
molecule, that carries oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
hemoglobin is
made of an
iron compound
that gives
blood its red
color.
Blood
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Blood Cells
Platelets help
clot blood.
Platelets are
irregularly shaped
cell fragments
The Circulatory System
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• At capillaries blood gives oxygen and
nutrients to the tissues
• At capillaries tissues gives carbon dioxide
and waste products to the blood
The Circulatory System
• At capillaries blood gives oxygen and nutrients
to the tissues
• At capillaries tissues gives carbon dioxide and
waste products to the blood
The Circulatory System
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Blood Vessels – Arteries
• Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood
away from the heart.
The Circulatory System
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Arteries
• Each ventricle of the heart is connected to
an artery.
• Every time your heart contracts, blood is
moved from your heart into arteries.
The aorta is the largest artery.
The Circulatory System
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Veins
• Veins are the blood vessels that carry blood
back to the heart.
Veins have one
way valves
The Circulatory System
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Veins
• The superior vena cava returns blood from
your head and neck.
• The inferior vena cava returns blood from
your abdomen and lower body.
The Circulatory System
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Capillaries
• Nutrients and oxygen move (diffuse) into
body cells through the thin capillary walls.
• Waste materials and carbon dioxide leave
(diffuse) from body cells into the capillaries.
The Circulatory System
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Capillaries
• Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels
that connect arteries and veins.
• Capillary
walls are only
one cell thick.
The Circulatory System
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Cardiovascular Disease
• Any disease that affects the cardiovascular
system—the heart, blood vessels, and
blood—can seriously affect the health of your
entire body.
• Heart disease is the leading cause of death,
The Circulatory System
Measuring Blood Pressure
The Circulatory System
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Blood Pressure
• The force of the blood on the walls of the
blood vessels is called blood pressure.
• Blood pressure is:
highest in arteries
and
lowest in veins.
Diseases of the Circulatory System
Hypertension
• Hypertension or high blood pressure
• Blood pressure higher than normal puts extra
strain on the heart.
Diseases of the Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis - fatty deposits build up on
arterial walls.
• If a coronary artery is blocked, a heart attack
can occur.
Diseases of the Circulatory System
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Heart Failure
• Heart failure results when the heart cannot
pump blood efficiently.
The Circulatory System
Preventing Cardiovascular Disease
• Cardiovascular disease, can be prevented
by following a good diet and exercise.
• Being over weight is associated with heart
disease and high blood pressure.
• Large amounts of body fat force the heart to
pump faster.
The Circulatory System
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Preventing Cardiovascular
Disease
• Having a regular
program of exercise
can help prevent
tension and relieve
stress.
The Circulatory System
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Preventing Cardiovascular
Disease
• Not smoking is a major way to prevent
cardiovascular
disease.
• Smoking causes
the heart to beat
faster and harder.
Blood
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Functions of Blood
Blood has four important functions.
1. Blood carries oxygen from your lungs to all
your body cells. Your blood carries carbon
dioxide to your lungs to be exhaled.
2. Blood carries waste products from your cells
to your kidneys to be removed.
Blood
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Functions of Blood
3. Blood transports nutrients and other
substances to your body cells.
4. Cells and molecules in blood fight infections
and help heal wounds.
Blood
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Parts of Blood
• Blood is a tissue made of plasma, platelets and
red and white blood cells.
Blood
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Blood Cells
• White bloods cells fight bacteria, viruses, and
other invaders of your body.
• These cells
leave the blood
through
capillary walls
and go into the
tissues
Blood
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Blood Cells
• Here, they destroy bacteria and viruses and
absorb dead cells.
Blood
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Blood Clotting
• When you cut yourself, platelets stick to the
wound and release chemicals which produce
fibrin.
• (Then substances
called clotting
factors carry out a
series of chemical
reactions.)
Blood
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Blood Clotting
Fibrin forms a sticky net of threadlike fibers
This net traps escaping blood cells and plasma
and forms a clot.
• Skin cells begin the
repair process under
the scab (after the clot
is in place and
becomes hard)
Blood
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Blood Clotting Disease
Hemophilia is a genetic condition
• In Hemophilia people’s plasma lacks one of
the clotting factors that begins the clotting
process.
• A minor injury can be a life threatening
problem.
Blood
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Diseases of Blood
Anemia is a common blood disease.
In anemia red blood cells and body tissues can't
get enough oxygen
( and are unable to carry on their usual activities.)
Blood
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Diseases of Blood
• Persons with sickle-cell anemia have
misshapen red blood cells.
• The sickle-shaped cells clog the capillaries of
a person with this disease.
• Oxygen cannot
reach tissues served
by the capillaries,
and wastes cannot
be removed.
Blood
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Diseases of Blood
Leukemia is a disease of white blood cells.
In Leukemia sick white blood cells are made in
excessive numbers.
The sick WBC cells do not fight infections
well.
They crowd out the normal cells in the bone
marrow.
The Respiratory System
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Functions of the
Respiratory System
• Breathing is the movement of the chest
that brings air into the lungs and removes
waste gases.
• The air entering the lungs contains oxygen.
• It passes from the lungs into the circulatory
system because there is less oxygen in
blood when it enters the lungs than in cells
of the lungs.
The Respiratory System
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Functions of the
Respiratory System
• The chemical reaction is called cellular
respiration.
• Carbon dioxide
and water
molecules are
waste products
of cellular
respiration.
The Respiratory System
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Functions of the
Respiratory System
• Blood carries oxygen and glucose from
digested food to individual cells.
• The oxygen delivered to the cells is used
to release energy from glucose.
The Respiratory System
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Organs of the Respiratory System
• The respiratory system is made up of
structures and organs that help move oxygen
into the body and
waste gases out of
the body.
The Respiratory System
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Pharynx
• Warmed, moist air then enters the pharynx
which is a tubelike passageway for food,
liquids, and air.
• When you swallow,
your epiglottis folds
down, allows food or
liquids to enter you
esophagus instead of
your airway.
The Respiratory System
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Larynx and Trachea
• The larynx is the airway to which two pairs
of horizontal folds of tissue, called vocal
cords, are attached.
• Forcing air between
the cords causes them
to vibrate and produce
sounds.
The Respiratory System
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Larynx and Trachea
• From the larynx, air moves into the trachea
• Strong, C-shaped rings of cartilage prevent
the trachea from collapsing.
• It is lined with mucous membranes and cilia.
• The mucous membranes trap dust, bacteria,
and pollen.
The Respiratory System
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Bronchi and the Lungs
• Air is carried into your lungs by two short
tubes called bronchi at the lower end of the
trachea.
• Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into
smaller and smaller tubes.
The Respiratory System
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Bronchi and the Lungs
• The smallest tubes are called bronchioles
• At the end of each bronchiole are
clusters of tiny, thin-walled sacs called
alveoli.
The Respiratory System
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Bronchi and the Lungs
• Lungs are masses of alveoli arranged in
grapelike clusters.
• The capillaries surround
the alveoli like a net.
The Respiratory System
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Bronchi and the Lungs
• Oxygen moves through the cell membranes
of alveoli and through cell membranes of the
capillaries into the blood.
• In blood, oxygen is
picked up by
hemoglobin, a molecule
in red blood cells, and
carried to all body cells.
The Respiratory System
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Bronchi and the Lungs
• In the lungs, waste gases move through cell
membranes from capillaries into alveoli.
• Then waste gases leave the body when
you exhale.
The Respiratory System
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Why do you breathe?
• Signals from your brain tell the muscles in
your chest and abdomen to contract and relax.
• Carbon dioxide
levels tell your
lungs the speed
up or slow down
The Respiratory System
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Why do you breathe?
• You can hold your breath if you want to.
• Eventually, your brain will respond to the
buildup of carbon dioxide in your blood and
signal your chest and abdomen muscles to
work automatically.
• You will breathe whether you want to or not.
The Respiratory System
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Inhaling and Exhaling
• Breathing is partly the result of changes
in volume and resulting air pressure.
• Your diaphragm
contracts and
relaxes, changing
the volume of the
chest, which helps
move gases into and
out of your lungs.
The Respiratory System
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Diseases and Disorders of
the Respiratory Systems
• Many serious diseases are related to smoking.
• The chemical
substances in
tobacco—
nicotine and
tars—are
poisons and can
destroy cells.
Lower Respiratory Tract
trachea
bronchi
bronchiole
alveoli
The Respiratory System
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Diseases and Disorders of
the Respiratory Systems
• Even if you are a nonsmoker, inhaling smoke
from tobacco products—called second hand
smoke—is unhealthy and has the potential to
harm your respiratory system.
The Respiratory System
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Emphysema
• A disease in which the alveoli in the lungs
enlarge is called emphysema.
• As a result, alveoli can’t push air out of the
lungs, so less oxygen moves into the
bloodstream.
The Respiratory System
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Respiratory Infections
• Bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms
can cause infections that affect any of the
organs of the respiratory system.
• The common cold usually affects the upper
part of the respiratory system—from the
nose to the pharynx.
The Respiratory System
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Respiratory Infections
• The cold virus also can cause irritation and
swelling in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
• The cilia that line the trachea and bronchi
can be damaged.
• However, cilia usually heal rapidly.
464 What is Asthma ?
Cause – allergic reaction
Contraction of bronchiole tubes
The Respiratory System
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Asthma
• When a person has an asthma attack, the
bronchial tubes contract quickly.
• Inhaling medicine that relaxes the
bronchial tubes is the usual treatment for
an asthma attack.
• Asthma can be an allergic reaction.
• An allergic reaction occurs when the body
overreacts to a foreign substance.
The Respiratory System
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Asthma
• asthma attack - the bronchial tubes contract
quickly.
• Inhaling medicine is the usual treatment for
an asthma attack.
• Asthma can be an allergic reaction.
• An allergic reaction when the body
overreacts to a foreign substance.