Transcript The Respiratory system

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Case Study-Respiratory System
After a routine workout at your health club, you
decide to soak in the hot tub. A young man in the
tub tells you how he just finished a heavy
weightlifting routine that lasted 2 hrs. He says that
he soaks in the hot tub for 20 minutes to ward off
muscle cramping. The man does this routine 7 days
a week. The next day at the gym, you hear that he
was hospitalized that morning with the following
symptoms; chills, coughing, fatigue, fever, SOB, and
tightness in his chest.
He appeared healthy until that incident. A friend of
his who also works out at the club said he had no
history of heart disease or respiratory ailments.
However, lately he was losing weight because of
the heavy workout. People at the health club are
speculating what could have caused the illness.
What do you think?
How much of a supply of oxygen do
you have?
4-6 minutes
Therefore, the respiratory
system must work
continuously or death will
occur.
What is the purpose of the
respiratory system?
To take in oxygen, which all body
cells need, and remove carbon
dioxide, a waste product
produced by cells when cells
convert food into energy.
Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM



Nose- has two openings call nostrils or
nares through which air enters.
Nasal Septum- a wall of cartilage,
divides the nose into two hollow spaces
called the nasal cavities.
Nasal cavities- lined with a mucous
membrane and have a rich blood
supply. Warms, filters, and moistens air
as it enters.
Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


Cilia- tiny, hair-like structures that filter
inhaled air to trap dust and other
particles. The cilia then helps move the
mucous towards the esophagus where it
can be swallowed.
Sinuses- Cavities in the skull that
surround the nasal area.
Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Pharynx- (throat), lies directly behind the nasal
cavities. As air leaves the nose, it enters the
pharynx
 Nasopharynx-upper portion and includes the
pharyngeal tonsils, adenoids, and eustachian
tube.
 Oropharynx-middle section. This section
receives both food and air from the mouth.
 Larynogopharynx- bottom section. The
esophagus and trachea branch off from here.
Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


Larynx- (voice box) lies between the
pharynx and trachea. It has 9 layers of
cartilage including the Adam’s apple. The
larynx also contains the vocal cords. As air
leaves the lungs, the vocal cords vibrate
and produce sound.
Epiglottis- leaflike cartilage that closes the
opening into the larynx during swallowing.
This prevents food and liquids from
entering the respiratory tract.
Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Trachea or windpipe
Tube extending from larynx to
center of the chest
Carries air between pharynx
and bronchi
Series of C-shaped cartilage,
which are open on the dorsal, or
back, surface. Helps keep
trachea open
Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Bronchi- Two divisions of trachea near
center of the chest. Carries air from
the trachea to the lungs.
1.
2.
Right bronchus
Left bronchus
 Right
bronchus is shorter, wider, and
extends more vertically than left
bronchus
Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Lungs- The organ of respiration
 Organs that contain divisions of
bronchi and alveoli
 Right lung has three sections, or
lobes; superior, middle, and
inferior
 Left lung has only two lobes,
superior and inferior
Organs and structures:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


Why is the left lung
smaller then the right?
The heart lies to the left
side of the chest!
Organs and structures:

Alveoli
Air sacs that resemble a bunch of grapes
 Adult lung contains approximately 500 million
alveoli
 Made of one layer of squamous epithelium
tissue
 Contains a rich network of blood capillaries
 Capillaries allow oxygen and carbon dioxide
to be exchanged between blood and lungs
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ALVEOLI
Microscopic View
Organs and structures:

Pleura- membrane or sac enclosing
each lung
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Consists
of two layers of serous
membranes
1.
2.

Visceral pleura is attached to surface of
lung
Parietal pleura is attached to chest wall
Pleural space is located between the two
layers and is filled with thin layer of
pleural fluid that lubricates membranes
and prevents friction as lungs expand
during breathing.
VENTILATION
The Process of Breathing
Two phases of ventilation:


Inspiration
Expiration
Inspiration

Inspiration- (is also referred to
inhalation.)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 The
process of breathing in air
 Diaphragm- a dome shaped muscle
between thoracic and abdominal cavities.
 The
diaphragm contracts allowing more room
for the lungs to expand allowing exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Expiration
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Expiration is also known as
exhalation.
The diaphragm relaxes forces
air out of the lungs and air
passages.
The process of inspiration and
expiration is one completion
respiration.
Respiration is controlled by the
respiratory center in the
medulla oblongata.
.
* A decreased amount of oxygen or an
increased amount of carbon dioxide
in blood causes the medulla oblongata to
increase rate of respirations.
*Process is usually involuntary, but a
person can control rate of breathing by breathing
faster or slower.
DISEASES AND ABNORMAL
CONDITIONS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ASTHMA
What is an asthma attack?

An asthma attack occurs when
bronchospasms narrow openings
of bronchioles, mucus production
increase, and edema (swelling)
develops in mucosal lining.
What causes asthma?
Usually caused by sensitivity to an
allergen such as dust, pollen, animals,
medications, or foods.
 Stress, overexertion, and infections
can also cause an asthma attack.

Symptoms:
Dyspnea
 Wheezing
 Coughing with expectoration of
sputum
 Tightness in the chest

Treatment:
Bronchodilators to enlarge the
bronchioles
 Epinephrine and antiinflammatory medications
 Oxygen therapy

Asthma Treatments
Identification and elimination
of allergens causing the
problem is important in
preventing asthma attacks.
Bronchitis
What is bronchitis?

Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes.
Two types of bronchitis:

Acute bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis:

Acute Bronchitis is usually caused by an infection.
 Characterized
by a productive cough, dyspnea, rales
(bubbly or noisy breath sounds), chest pain, and fever
 Treatment: Treated with antibiotics, expectorants to
remove excessive mucus, rest, and drinking large
amounts of water
 http://www.stethographics.com/main/physiology_ls_co
arse.html
Chronic Bronchitis:
Occurs after frequent attacks of
acute bronchitis and long-term
exposure to pollutants or smoking
 Characterized by chronic
inflammation, damaged cilia, and
enlarged mucous glands
(COPD)

Chronic Bronchitis:
Symptoms:




Excessive mucus
resulting in a
productive cough
Wheezing and
dyspnea
Chest pain
Prolonged expiration
of air
Treatment:

There is treatment, but
no cure
 Antibiotics
 Bronchodilators
 Respiratory
Therapy
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
What is COPD?
Any CHRONIC lung
disease that results in
obstruction of the
airways

What lung disorders can lead to
COPD?
Chronic asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Tuberculosis
COPD


Smoking is the
#1 cause of
COPD, but
allergens and
chronic
respiratory
infections are
also factors.
Treatment:
Bronchodilators
 Mucolytics (loosens mucus secretions)
 Cough medicines
 Oxygen

Prognosis:
Prognosis is poor because
damage to the lungs causes a
deterioration of pulmonary
function leading to respiratory
failure and death.

Emphysema
What is emphysema?
A noninfectious
chronic respiratory
condition

Emphysema

Emphysema occurs
when walls of the
alveoli deteriorate
and lose their
elasticity
 Carbon dioxide
remains trapped
in the alveoli
Causes of Emphysema:
Smoking
Prolonged
exposure to
air pollutants

Symptoms of Emphysema:
Dyspnea and feeling of suffocation
 Pain and a barrel chest
 Chronic cough
 Cyanosis
 Rapid respirations with prolonged
expiration
 Eventual respiratory failure and death

Barrel Chest
Cyanosis
Clubbing of Nails
Treatment:

There are treatments but NO CURE:
 Avoiding
smoking
 Bronchodilators
 Breathing exercises
 Prompt treatment of respiratory infections
 Oxygen therapy and respiratory therapy
Epistaxis
EPISTAXIS
Occurs when capillaries
in nose become
congested and bleed.

Causes of Epistaxis:
Injury or blow to the nose
 Hypertension
 Chronic infections
 Anticoagulant drugs
 Blood diseases such as hemophilia or
leukemia

Treatment of Epistaxis:
Compress nostrils toward the septum, elevate
the head and tilt it slightly forward, and apply
cold compresses.
 At times, it is necessary to insert nasal packing
or to cauterize the bleeding vessels
 Eliminate the underlying cause, such as
hypertension, etc.

INFLUENZA OR FLU
Highly contagious viral infection of the upper
respiratory system with a sudden onset
Symptoms:
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
Chills
Fever
Cough
Sore throat
Runny nose
Muscle pain
Fatigue
Treatment:
Bed rest and fluids
 Analgesics for pain and antipyretics for
fever
 Antibiotics are not effective against
viruses, but are often given to avoid
secondary infections such as pneumonia

Prevention is the BEST treatment
Immunizations with a flu vaccine:
Recommended for the elderly, children,
individuals with chronic diseases,
pregnant women, and health care
workers
 Many different viruses cause influenza, so
vaccines are developed each year to
immunize against the most common viruses
identified

What is the best way to sneeze?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vw0hIs2LEg
LARYNGITIS
Inflammation of the larynx and
vocal cords
Frequently occurs with other
respiratory infections
Symptoms:
Hoarseness or loss of voice
Sore throat
Dysphagia, or difficulty
swallowing

Treatment:
Rest and fluids
Limited use of the voice
Medications if an
infection is present

LUNG CANCER
Malignancy of the lungs
Leading cause of cancer death in
men and women
CAN BE A PREVENTABLE DISEASE
BECAUSE THE MAIN CAUSE IS
EXPOSURE TO CARCINOGENS IN
TOBACCO THROUGH SMOKING
OR THROUGH EXPOSURE TO
SECONDHAND SMOKE
Three common types of lung cancer:
Small Cell
2. Squamous Cell
3. Adenocarcinoma
1.
Sx:
Unfortunately, none in the early
stages
 Chronic cough
 Hemoptysis: coughing up bloodtinged sputum
 Dyspnea and chest pain
 Fatigue and weight loss

Prognosis is very poor
since the disease is
usually advanced
before it is diagnosed.
Lung Cancer

Treatment:
Surgical removal of the
cancerous sections of the
lung, radiation, and/or
chemotherapy.

Normal Lung X-Ray
Smokers Lungs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVLtNgAhPR
g&feature=related
PNEUMONIA
Inflammation
or infection of the
lungs with a buildup of fluid or
exudate in the alveoli
Usually caused by a bacteria, a
virus, a protozoa, or chemicals
Symptoms

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
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Chills
Fever
Chest pain
Productive cough
Dyspnea
Fatigue
Treatment

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Bedrest
Oxygen
Fluids
Antibiotics if needed
Respiratory therapy
Pain medication
Rhinitis
Inflammation of nasal mucous membranes resulting in
a runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, soreness, and
congestion
Causes: infections and allergens
Treatment: fluids and medication to relieve
congestion
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the
sinuses
Usually caused by a bacteria of virus
Symptoms: Headache, pressure,
or dizziness
 Thick nasal discharge and
congestion
 Loss of resonance in the voice


Treatment of Sinusitis:
 Antibiotics
if needed
 Analgesics for pain
 Decongestants to loosen secretions
 Moist inhalations
 Surgery in chronic sinusitis to open the cavities and
encourage drainage
SLEEP APNEA
Condition in which an individual stops breathing
while asleep, causing a measurable decrease in
blood oxygen levels.
Two main kinds of sleep apnea:
Obstructive
Central
Obstructive sleep apnea:

Caused by blockage in air passage
that occurs when muscles that keep
airway open relax and allow tongue
and palate to block the airway.
Central sleep apnea:
Caused by a disorder in the
brain’s respiratory control
center.

Facts about sleep apnea:
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
More common in men
Obesity increases risk
Hypertension increases risk
Smoking increases risk
Alcohol ingestion increases risk
Use of sedatives may increase severity
Diagnosis:

Diagnosed when
more than five
periods of apnea
lasting at least 10
seconds each
occur during an
hour of sleep.
What does sleep apnea do?
Periods of apnea lower the blood oxygen level.
•Causes the brain to awaken the individual, who then
gasps for air and snores loudly
•Interruption of the sleep cycle leads to excessive
tiredness and drowsiness during the day.
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjQdAf9cQBo
•
Treatment:



Weight loss
Abstaining from
alcohol, smoking and
sedatives
Sleeping on side or
stomach

In more severe cases a
Continuous Positive
Airway Pressure or
CPAP is used to deliver
pressure to the airway
to keep it open while
the individual sleeps.
CPAP


CPAP consists of a
mask that fits securely
against the face
Tubing connects the
mask with a blower
device that can be
adjusted to deliver air
at different levels of
pressure

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thTwA9GVJpI
Tuberculosis
Infectious disease of the lungs caused by the
bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symptoms of active TB:

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Fatigue
Chest pain
Fever
Night sweats
Weight loss
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood tinged
sputum)
Treatment:
Administration of drugs for one
or more years to destroy the
bacteria
Good nutrition and rest

Ancient treatment for TB:
Electric Shock Therapy
IV injections of goats blood
JUST A NOTE: A NEW STRAIN
OF TB THAT IS RESISTANT TO
DRUG THERAPY HAS CREATED
A CONCERN THAT TB WILL
BECOME A WIDESPREAD
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Upper Respiratory Infection: URI
Another name for the common cold.
It is an inflammation of mucous membrane lining of
the upper respiratory tract
Caused by viruses and is highly contagious


Symptoms: Fever, runny nose, watery eyes,
congestion, sore throat, and hacking cough
Treatment: No cure. Symptoms usually last a week.
Give analgesics for pain and antipyretics for fever.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited chronic disease that
affects the lungs and digestive system. A defective
gene and its protein product cause the body to
produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that:
 clogs
the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung
infections; and
 obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from
helping the body break down and absorb food.
The predicted median age of survival
for a person with CF is in the mid-30s.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abi7M6C4gNM&f
eature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Twjg7v-pTO4
Incentive
Spirometer
Ventilator
Lung
Auscultation