Transcript Lymphatic System Notes (1 of 3)

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 12
The Lymphatic System
and Intro to immunity
Pgs 368-380
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body Fluids
Plasma
Interstitial/intercellular/tissue fluid
Lymph
The Lymphatic
System, Part 1 YouTube
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.5a
The Lymphatic System
Physiology
 Filters lymph
 Disease resistance and body defenses
 Transports filtered fluids back to the blood
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.1
The Lymphatic System
Anatomy
•Lymph (fluid)
•Lymphatic vessels and
capillaries
•Bone marrow and WBC’s
•Lymph nodes
•Other Lymphatic Organs
-spleen
-thymus
-tonsils
-Peyer’s patches
Slide 12.1
Lymphatic Structures Details: Lymph
 Excess plasma or tissue fluid that
enters lymphatic vessels
 Gets filtered, then returns to blood
 Water
 Blood cells
 Proteins
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.2
Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels
*
Figure 12.1
• One way system to transport lymph (toward heart!)
• No pump- so flows using same 3 mechanisms as
veins• breathing, valves, & milking action of skeletal
muscles
Slide 12.3b
Lymph pathway
10
11
SVC
In lymphatics
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tissue fluid from BV
Lymph Capillary
Lymph in vessel
Lymphatic Collecting
vessel with valve
5. Lymph Node
6. Lymphatic Vessel
7. Lymph Trunk
8. Lymph Duct
9. Subclavian Vein
10. SVC
11. Heart R.A.
12. Arterial System
13. Tissue Fluid From B.V.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummigs
12
RA of
9
Subclavian vein
6
8
7
Lymphatic vessels
5
4
3
lymph
1
2
1
plasma
Interstitial fluid
13
Figure 12.2
1
Slide 12.4a
Disorder of Lymphatic Capillaries
and Vessels
Elephantiasis
Occurs in the presence of
Wuchereria banchrofti,
Brugia malayi, and B.
timori microscopic,
thread-like parasitic
worms, all of which are
transmitted by mosquitoes
Filarial worms
(parasite)
The parasite infects the lymph nodes and blocks the flow of
lymph
throughout
theasbody;
this results in chronic Edema
Copyright
© 2003 Pearson
Education, Inc. publishing
Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.3b
1. Tissue fluid from BV
7. Lymph Trunk
11. Heart R.A.
Lymphatic Vessel
6.
4. Lymphatic Collecting Vessel (with valve)
5.
Lymph Node
9. Subclavian Vein
3. Lymph in vessel
12. Arterial System
8. Lymph Duct
10. SVC
2. Lymph Capillary
13. Tissue Fluid From B.V.
YAY!!!

Bone Marrow
• Site of hematopoiesis
• Initial production of
WBC’s used to fight
infection
Lymph Nodes
Functions:
 Protect body by removing (filtering)
foreign substances (bacteria & cancer
cells) from lymph
 Use stored WBC’s to function in
immunity
T and B Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.6a
Lymph Node Structure
cortex
Cortex=
surface
Medulla=
center
cortex
More
afferent than
efferent
vessels to
slow lymph
flow
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
Figure
12.7b
12.4
Lymphocytes in Lymph Nodes
 Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign
substances in medulla
of lymph node
 B and T Lymphocytes – provide “specific”
immune response in follicles of cortex
of lymph node
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.6a
Disorders of lymph nodes
 Inflammation- WBC’s release chemicals that
cause redness, swelling, heat, pain due to increased
permeability of capillaries
• Cancer- spreads through lymphatic vessels and
causes tumors in lymph nodes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.1
Lymph Nodes-located along lymphatic vessels
3 most common
collections of lymph
nodes
Figure 12.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
vessels
Slide 12.6b
Other Lymphoid (Lymphatic)
Organs
 Spleen
 Thymus
 Tonsils
 Peyer’s patches
Figure 12.5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.9
Spleen
• Left side of abdomen
 Filters blood
• Destroys worn out RBC’s
 Stores platelets
 Blood reservoir (released during hemorrhaging)
 Maturation of B lymphocytes in adults
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.10
Thymus
 On top of heart
 Maturation of T lymphocytes prior to
puberty
 Also secretes hormones (hence “gland”)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.11
Tonsils
 In ring in throat
 Modified lymph nodes
 Trap and remove foreign substances
 Tonsilitis is caused by tonsils being over
run with bacteria causing chronic
inflammation
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.12
Peyer’s Patches
 In wall of the small intestine
 Modified lymph nodes
 Destroy bacteria
before entering blood
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.13
Body Defenses
• PATHOGENS= 3 hostile, foreign materials
that cause disease
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
* lymphatic system organs and cells defend
against pathogens
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.15a
Body Defenses Preview
Nonspecific- fight all kinds of pathogens
 1st line -mechanical barriers- prevent entry
of pathogens
 2nd line -chemical barriers- prevent spread
of pathogens (defensive cells & antimicrobial chemicals)
Specific- attack SPECIFIC pathogens
•3rd line - B and T lymphocytes (immune
system) & their secretions, fight specific
pathogens, provide memory after initial
exposure (against future exposure to the same pathogen)
Slide 12.15a
Nonspecific- (1st Line of Defense)
Mechanical Barriers
• Inherited resistance to disease
“species resistance”
Slide 12.17a
Nonspecific (1st Line of Defense(
Mechanical Barriers
• surface membranes
skin
mucus
membranes
Prevent entry of pathogens into body
Slide 12.17a
Nonspecific (1st Line of Defense)
Mechanical Barriers
 4 Secretions from mucus membranes:
 pH and oil of skin
 Stomach and vaginal acids
 Saliva and tears
 Mucus
Kills, traps, washes away pathogens
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.17a
Nonspecific (1st Line of Defense)
Mechanical Barriers
 Hair-like structures in membranes
Nasal hairs
Cilia
Traps pathogens
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.17a
Nonspecific (2nd line of defense)
Chemical Barriers
• Defensive Cells:
1. WBC’s that are
phagocytes
(neutrophils and
macrophages)- perform
phagocytosis
Kills pathogens once they
enter blood to prevent damage
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.6b
Slide 12.18a
Nonspecific (2nd line of defense)
Chemical Barriers
Defensive Cells:
2. Natural killer cells
 Poke “holes” in foreign cells
Plays a role in hostrejection of tumors &
virus infected cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.6b
Slide 12.18b
Nonspecific (2nd line of defense)
Chemical Barriers
Inflammatory
response
chemotaxis
Attract more
WBC’s to kill
pathogens, prevent
more damage by
pathogens
inflammation
Figure 12.7
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.21
Nonspecific (2nd line of defense)
Chemical Barriers
Antimicrobial chemicals
1. Interferon- made in 3rd line
by T cells (but activates more nonspecific
2nd line of defense)
•Proteins (produced by virusinfected cells) that bind to
healthy cell membrane
receptors… “warns them”!
•Hinders the ability of a virus to
reproduce in the “Warned”
healthy cells
Slide 12.22a
Nonspecific (2nd line of defense)
2. Complementactivated in 3rd line by
Chemical Barriers
antibodies but activates
Antimicrobial chemicals more nonspecific 2nd
line
•Increase Inflammatory
Response
•Plasma proteins
•Also plays a role in
specific 3rd line of defense
Nonspecific (2nd line of defense)
Chemical Barriers
Antimicrobial chemicals
3. Pyrogens
and fever
Increase in body temperature
to kill pathogens (usually between
102- 104 F)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.22a
Review of 1st and 2nd Lines of Defense
___ Where macrophages are found
A.
Medulla of Lymph Node
___ Structures that take part in 1st line of
defense (4)
B.
Stomach Acid
C.
Neutrophils
___ Defensive Cells in 2nd line of defense (3)
D.
Cortex of Lymph Node
___ Phagocytic Cells (2)
E.
Lymphocytes (B & T)
F.
Macrophages
G.
Pyrogens
H.
NK Cells
I.
Cilia of Respiratory System &
nasal hair
J.
Compliment
K.
Skin
L.
Interferon
M.
Mucous Membranes
___ Results in a fever
___ chemical that makes porous holes in
pathogens to kill them
___ stops viral reproduction
___ Cells that kill pathogens by poking holes
in their membranes (with perforin)
___ Run the 3rd line of defense
Specific Defense (3rd Line of
Defense) T and B lymphocytes
•Immune response- specific response by T and
B lymphocytes to pathogens
•Immunology- study of immunity and diseases
that result
Slide 12.17a
Specific Defense (3rd Line of
Defense) T and B lymphocytes
•3 aspects of specific immune response:
•Antigen specific
•Systemic
•Memory
Slide 12.17a
Specific Defense (3rd Line of
Defense) T and B lymphocytes
•AMI (antibody mediated or humoral)- uses B lymphocytes (B
cells) and antibodies (Y) to attack extracellular (outside cell) antigens
•Exs bacteria, extracellular viruses
•CMI (cell mediated)- uses T lymphocytes (T cells) and their
chemicals to attack intracellular antigens
•Exs cancer, viral infected cells, transplanted tissue
Slide 12.17a
Specific Defense (3rd Line of
Defense) T and B lymphocytes
•Antigen (Ag)- any substance that causes an
immune response in 3rd line of defense
•Ex any pathogens plus haptens
•Self antigens- part of our body, we don’t
attack, but can be attacked if given to
someone else
•Nonself antigens- foreign substances that our
immune system attacks
Slide 12.17a
Specific Defense (3rd Line of
Defense) T and B lymphocytes
Slide 12.17a