Transcript Types of immune response

Pathology of the immune
system.
Reactions and mechanisms of
hypersensitivity.
Autoimmune disease.
Immunodeficiency states
assistant-professor Volodymyr Voloshyn
in accordance with Ya.Ya. Bodnar
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The immune system protects the body
against infectious agents and biological
substances with antigenic properties. It
involves peripheral organs: lymph nodes,
tonsils of pharynges, lymph follicles in the
intestinal
wall,
lymphocytes
in
the
peripheral blood, spleen and central organs
- thymus, bone marrow.
Structural and functional organization of
the immune system
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Innate and adaptive immunity. The principal mechanisms of innate
immunity and adaptive immunity are shown.
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Immune defense are implemented by
lymphocytes (immunocytes) and are
formed from lymphoid germ in the bone
marrow. There are two types of immune
response: cellular and humoral.
Types of immune response
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Cellular immunity are based on T-lymphocytes
(T-killer cells, T-suppressor, T helper). T-helper
cells (CD4) and T suppressor (CD8) take place
an important role in this process.
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B-lymphocytes conduct the Humoral immunity.
They transform into plasmocytes, which
synthesize immunoglobulins (antibodies).
Immunoglobulins have antigenic specificity and
differ by amino acid composition. There are
several classes of antibodies: IgA, IgG, IgM,
IgD, IgE.
Types of immune response
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Humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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Histology of a lymph node.
A, The organization of the lymph node, with an outer cortex
containing follicles and an inner medulla. B, The location of B cells
(stained green, using the immunofluorescence technique) and T cells
(stained red) in a lymph node. C, A germinal center.
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Diseases
of
thymus
most
often
manifested by his congenital disorders:
aplasia, hypo- and dysplasia, atrophy,
thymomegaly.
Accidental
involution,
hyperplasia
of
lymphoid cells and neoplastic processes are
between acquired diseases.
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Thymus Diseases
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Thymoma.
A, Benign thymoma (medullary type). The neoplastic epithelial cells are
arranged in a swirling pattern and have bland, oval to elongated nuclei
with inconspicuous nucleoli. Only a few small, reactive lymphoid cells are
interspersed. B, Malignant thymoma, type I. The neoplastic epithelial cells
are polygonal and have round to oval, bland nuclei with inconspicuous
nucleoli. Numerous small, reactive lymphoid cells are interspersed. The
morphologic appearance of this tumor is identical to that of benign
thymomas of the cortical type. In this case, however, the tumor was
locally aggressive, invading adjacent lung and pericardium.
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Immune response to the action of antigen are formed by
lymphoid system of the body. It characterizes by:
a) specificity (valid for specific antigen);
b) potentiation (strengthening at the second introduction of
antigen);
c) immunological memory (recognizes antigen through a long
period of time between introductions).
The phases of the immune response:
presentation by macrophages through absorb (phagocytosis);
antigen recognition by lymphocytes;
transformation;
T-and B-lymphocytes proliferation.
Types of immune responses:
- Primary;
- Secondary.
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Immune response to the action of antigen are formed
by lymphoid system of the body. It characterizes by:
a) specificity (valid for specific antigen);
b) potentiation (strengthening at the second introduction
of antigen);
c) immunological memory (recognizes antigen through a
long period of time between introductions).
The phases of the immune response:
presentation by macrophages through absorb
(phagocytosis);
antigen recognition by lymphocytes;
transformation;
T-and B-lymphocytes proliferation.
Types of immune responses:
- Primary;
- Secondary.
Immune response to the antigen action
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The primary immune response occurs
at the first meeting with a specific
antigen.
IgM
are
produced
by
plasmacells. (IgG are appear later).
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Secondary immune response occurs
with repeated introduction of antigen
in the body and is accompanied by
accumulation of IgG.
Types of immune response
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Immunological hypersensitivity peculiarities of reaction humoral or cellular
immunity in sensibilised parts of the body.
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There are two types of hypersensitivity
reactions: immediate and delayed types.
Morphologically they display by acute or chronic
immune inflammation. Hypersensitivity reactions
can be realized by four ways.
Immunological hypersensitivity
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Hypersensitivity
of
first
(immediate) type develop with the
participation of mast cells and
blood basophils. They produce IgE
when antigen (allergen) introduce
into organism.
Hypersensitivity of first (immediate) type
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Immediate hypersensitivity.
A, Kinetics of the immediate and late-phase reactions. The immediate
vascular and smooth muscle reaction to allergen develops within
minutes after challenge (allergen exposure in a previously sensitized
individual), and the late-phase reaction develops 2 to 24 hours later.
B, C, Morphology: The immediate reaction (B) is characterized by
vasodilation, congestion, and edema, and the late phase reaction (C) is
characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate rich in eosinophils,
neutrophils, and T cells. (Courtesy of Dr. Daniel Friend, Department of
Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.)
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Hypersensitivity of first (immediate) type
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These reactions are
manifested with eczema,
dermatitis, allergic rhinitis
and gastroenteritis, atonic
asthma - local
manifestations.
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Anaphylactic reactions
and shock - systemic
manifestations.
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Hypersensitivity of first (immediate) type
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Hypersensitivity
of
second
type
(antibody-mediated hypersensitivity)
develops when interacting antibodies
(IgG or IgM) with the antigen on the
surface of cell with subsequent
(наступним) damage due to lysis,
phagocytosis by macrophages, cell
cytotoxicity by T-cell lymphocytes,
change cell function (neutralization or
hyperaction)
Hypersensitivity of second type (type II)
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Hypersensitivity of type II
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Examples of such reactions may be
the reactions of the destruction of
red
blood
cells
after
blood
transfusion, hemolytic disease of
newborn,
reactions
with
the
destruction of neutrophils, platelets
(thrombocells) and others.
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occurs when blood
incompatibility
of
mother and fetus
mainly through Rh
factor (the mother
"Rh-" fetus "Rh+"),
which
leads
to
hemolysis of fetal
red blood cells by
mother’s antibody.
Haemolytic disease
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Mother’s anamnesis:
ІІІ pregnancy, ІІ delivery
І pregnancy (1999) – healthy baby,
ІІ pregnancy (2002) – died down.
Mother has ІІІ Rh (-), titre of
аntibodies 1:64;
Caesarean section; 37-38 weeks,
valuation by Apgar scale 7/8 balls, Mass 2550; Child АВ (ІV) Rh (+);
Bilirubin from umbilical cord – 62,1; through 7 hours - 101,3 mkmoll/l;
through 13 hours - 133,6 mkmoll/l
1st day of life - with signs of intestinal obstruction,
Haemolytic disease of new-born shift into department of
Intensive therapy of neonates; perforation and peritonitis
developed through intestinal impassability of ІV degrees;
After 22 days - the child died.
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◦ Hypersensitivity of Type III
(immunocomplex hypersensitivity)
develops due to the formation of
immune complexes after
interaction of antibody and antigen,
which leads to complement
activation and acute inflammation
and necrosis development.
Hypersensitivity of Third Type (Type III)
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Hypersensitivity of Type III
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Immunocomplex hypersensitivity may be systematic
- serum sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus; or
local
Arthus
phenomenon
after
repeated
administration of antigen with the vaccine.
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Reaction of transplants rejection
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Hypersensitivity of type IV (delayed
hypersensitivity) is implemented with
the participation of cells. There are
sensitized
lymphocytes
and
macrophages, which can exposure
directly cytotoxicity (T-killer cells) or
lymphokines producting.
Hypersensitivity of Fourth Type
(Type IV)
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This reaction develops within 24-72 hours
after antigen introduction into sensibilised
organism.
It
is
characterized
by
the
development of granulomatous inflammation
with caseous necrosis
Hypersensitivity of type IV
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Autoimmune disease a manifestation of the damage of
natural tolerance of the immune
system to its own antigens.
This
tolerance is formed in the embryonic
period yet.
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Autoimmune diseases
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Autoimmune diseases can be:
 - Organospecific (Hashimoto
thyroiditis, insulinresistant
diabetes mellitus, multiple
sclerosis, encephalomyelitis,
polyneuritis, aspermatogeny
and others);
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- Organononspecific or
systemic disease (systemic
lupus erythematosus,
rheumatoid arthritis,
dermatomyositis, and
others).
Autoimmune diseases
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Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Symptom of "Butterfly"
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Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Endocarditis of Libman-Sacks
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Rheumatoid
synovitis
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Complications of Rheumatoid
Arthritis
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Thank you for
attention !
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