Transcript blood ppt

How much blood is in the
adult human body?
0About 5 liters
Did you know?
0Blood is the only fluid tissue
(connective)
• Deliver O2
• Remove metabolic wastes & CO2
• Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
• Protection from blood loss- platelets
• Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
• Transport hormones & nutrients
0 Color range

Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red

Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
0 pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
0 Blood temperature is slightly higher
o
than body temperature 98.6 F
Artery
White blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells
Composition of Blood
0 The Living cells are called
Formed Elements & include:
 Erythrocytes = RBC
 Leukocytes = WBC
 Platelets = cell fragments
0 The Non-living Matrix is the
Plasma
Blood Plasma – liquid portion of the blood
0Plasma transports 90% H2O & 10% dissolved
substances like:
0Hormones
0 Metabolic wastes
 CO2
 Urea
0 RBC (erythrocytes)
0 Electrolytes
0 Gases
(metal ions)
0 Buffy Coat=Platelets(thrombocytes) & WBC
(leukocytes)
0Nutrients
 Vitamins
 Carbohydrates (sugars)
 Lipids (fats)
Proteins (amino acids)
Albumin (60 %) regulates osmotic pressure
Alpha,Beta & Gamma Globulins (antibodies)help protect the
body from antigens
Clotting Proteins (fibrinogens) help to stem blood loss when
a blood vessel is injured
Plasma-55%
Buffy coat-<1%
Formed
elements-45%
White Blood Cells
• Fight infections
• Large in size
• Have a nucleus
• Phagocyte
Erythrocytes
Erythrocyte7.5m in dia
 Anucleate
 Hematopoiesis- production of RBC
 Function- transport respiratory gases
 Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains
and 2  chains
 Lack mitochondria. Why?
 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin
molecules
 Men- 5 million cells/mm3
 Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3
 Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in
spleen (RBC graveyard)
Hemoglobin
Hematopoiesis
• Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis):
blood cell formation
• Occurs in red bone marrow of axial
skeleton, girdles and proximal
epiphyses of humerus and femur
Hematopoiesis
• Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
• Give rise to all formed elements
• Hormones and growth factors push the cell
toward a specific pathway of blood cell
development
• New blood cells enter blood sinusoids
Erythropoiesis
• Erythropoiesis: red blood cell
production
• A hemocytoblast is transformed into a
proerythroblast
• Proerythroblasts develop into early
erythroblasts
Erythropoiesis
• Phases in development
1. Ribosome synthesis
2. Hemoglobin accumulation
3. Ejection of the nucleus and formation
of reticulocytes
• Reticulocytes then become mature
erythrocytes
Stem cell
Hemocytoblast
Committed
cell
Developmental pathway
Proerythroblast
Early
Late
erythroblast erythroblast
Phase 1
Ribosome
synthesis
Phase 2
Hemoglobin
accumulation
Phase 3
Ejection of
nucleus
Normoblast
Reticulo- Erythrocyte
cyte
Figure 17.5
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
• Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia
• Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity
• Balance between RBC production and
destruction depends on
• Hormonal controls
• Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B
vitamins
Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
• Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis
• Released by the kidneys in
response to hypoxia
Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
• Causes of hypoxia
• Hemorrhage or increased RBC
destruction reduces RBC numbers
• Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron
deficiency)
• Reduced availability of O2 (e.g.,
high altitudes)
Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
• Effects of EPO
• More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow
cells
• Increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1–
2 days
• Testosterone also enhances EPO production,
resulting in higher RBC counts in males
Blood Cell Production
Formation & Destruction of RBCs
RBC Diseases
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying
capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency.
Factors that can cause anemia- exercise,
B12 deficiency
RBC Diseases
Sickle-cell anemia•
HbS results from a change in just one of the 287
amino acids in the  chain in the globin molecule.
•
Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.
•
Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in
malaria infested countries, the heterozygous
condition is beneficial.
Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
RBC Diseases
Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, 
viscosity of blood;
8-11 million cells/mm3
Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally
occurs at high elevations
Blood doping- in athletesremove blood 2
days before event and then replace it- banned
by Olympics.
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3
Never let monkeys eat bananas
Granulocytes
Neutrophils- 40-70%
Eosinophils- 1-4%
Basophils- <1%
Agranulocytes
Monocytes- 4-8%
Lymphocytes- 20-45%
Basophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
platelet
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Leukocyte Squeezing Through
Capillary Wall
Leukopenia
•
Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced
Leukemias
•
Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
•
Named according to the abnormal WBC
clone involved
Mononucleosis
•
highly contagious viral disease caused by
Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of
agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover
in a few weeks
Platelets
• Small fragments of megakaryocytes
• Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
• Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
• Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes,
ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF)
Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Hemocytoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
Figure 17.12
Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding
Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3
Tissue Damage
Platelet Plug
Clotting Factors
Hemostasis:
1. Vessel injury
2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation
Hemostasis
(+ feedback)
Clotting Factors
thromboplastin
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Traps RBC & platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin
Blood Clot
Platelet
Fibrin thread
RBC
Disorders of Hemostasis
• Thromboembolytic disorders:
undesirable clot formation
• Bleeding disorders:
abnormalities that prevent
normal clot formation
Thromboembolytic Conditions
• Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in
an unbroken blood vessel
• May block circulation, leading to tissue death
• Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the
blood stream
• Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to
obtain oxygen
• Cerebral emboli can cause strokes
Thromboembolytic Conditions
Prevented by
• Aspirin
• Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane
A2
• Heparin
• Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and
postoperative cardiac care
• Warfarin
• Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation
Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to
inflammation, infection or cancer
Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets
• causes spontaneous bleeding
• due to suppression or destruction of bone
marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
– Platelet count <50,000/mm3 is diagnostic
– Treated with transfusion of concentrated
platelets
• Impaired liver function
• Inability to synthesize procoagulants
• Causes include vitamin K deficiency,
hepatitis, and cirrhosis
• Liver disease can also prevent the
liver from producing bile, impairing fat
and vitamin K absorption
• Hemophilias include several similar
hereditary bleeding disorders
• Symptoms include prolonged
bleeding, especially into joint cavities
• Treated with plasma transfusions and
injection of missing factors
Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait, primarily
carried by males (x chromosome)
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in
RBC membranes-- A and B
Blood type
Antigen
Antibody
A
A
anti-B
B
B
anti-A
A&B
AB
no anti body
Neither A or B
O
anti-A and anti-B
Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane
Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are
made in response to the presence of antigens.
They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping
(agglutination)
Type A
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
Type B
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Type O
a
b
a
a
a
b
b
a
a
b
Type AB
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
RH+ indicates protein
RH- indicates no protein
Rh Factor
and
Pregnancy
Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks
Type AB- universal recipients
Type O- universal donor
Rh factor:
Rh+ 85% dominant in pop
Rh- 15% recessive
Blood Type
Clumping
Antibody
A
antigen A
anti-A serum
antibody anti-b
B
antigen B
anti-B serum
antibody anti-a
AB
antigen A & B
anti A & B serum
O
neither A or B
no clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b
-
Blood being tested
Type AB (contains
agglutinogens A and B;
agglutinates with both
sera)
Anti-A
Serum
Anti-B
RBCs
Type A (contains
agglutinogen A;
agglutinates with anti-A)
Type B (contains
agglutinogen B;
agglutinates with anti-B)
Type O (contains no
agglutinogens; does not
agglutinate with either
serum)
Figure 17.16
Blood Type & Rh
How Many Have It
O
O
A
A
B
B
AB
AB
1 person in 3
1 person in 15
1 person in 3
1 person in 16
1 person in 12
1 person in 67
1 person in 29
1 person in 167
Rh Positive
Rh Negative
Rh Positive
Rh Negative
Rh Positive
Rh Negative
Rh Positive
Rh Negative
Frequency
37.4%
6.6%
35.7%
6.3%
8.5%
1.5%
3.4%
.6%
ABO Blood Types
Phenotype Genotype
O
i i
A
I A I A or I A i
B
I B I B or I B i
A
B
AB
I I
Punnett square
Type A and Type B cross
IA
IA
IB
i
IA IB
IAi
IA IB
IA i
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
INQUIRY
What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte?
What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white
cells?
What dietary component is needed for the production
of red blood cells?
The largest cells in the blood that leave the
bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.
In an acute infection, the white cell count would show
as ______.
Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic
newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying
____ fetuses.
What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells?
In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type
O person?
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.5b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.5c
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
 The main function is to carry oxygen
 Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
 Biconcave disks
 Essentially bags of hemoglobin
 Anucleate (no nucleus)
 Contain very few organelles
 Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.6
Hemoglobin
 Iron-containing protein
 Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
 Each hemoglobin molecule has four
oxygen binding sites
 Each erythrocyte has 250 million
hemoglobin molecules
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.7
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
 Crucial in the body’s defense against
disease
 These are complete cells, with a
nucleus and organelles
 Able to move into and out of blood
vessels (diapedesis)
 Can move by ameboid motion
 Can respond to chemicals released by
damaged tissues
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.8
Leukocyte Levels in the Blood
 Normal levels are between 4,000 and
11,000 cells per millimeter
 Abnormal leukocyte levels
 Leukocytosis
 Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
 Generally indicates an infection
 Leukopenia
 Abnormally low leukocyte level
 Commonly caused by certain drugs
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.9
Types of Leukocytes
 Granulocytes
 Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained
 Include
neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils
Figure 10.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.10a
Types of Leukocytes
 Agranulocytes
 Lack visible
cytoplasmic
granules
 Include
lymphocytes and
monocytes
Figure 10.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.10b
Granulocytes
 Neutrophils
 Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
 Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
 Increase in numbers rapidly w/acute
infections
 Eosinophils
 Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic
worms
 Deactivates some inflammatory chemicals
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.11a
Granulocytes
 Basophils
 Have histamine (vasodilating chemical)-containing
granules
 Is discharged @ the sites of inflammation
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.11b
Agranulocytes
 Lymphocytes (part of the immune system)
 B-lymphocytes produce antibodies
 T-lymphocytes involved in graft rejections,
fight tumors & viruses; activates Blymphocytes.
 Monocytes
(Long term clean up team)
 Largest of the white blood cells
 Function as macrophages
 Important in fighting chronic infection like TB
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.12
Erythrocytes
• Shaped like round
plates indented in the
center.
• Have no nucleus
Questions
• The Average adult has about __________
liters of blood?
• 5
• Describe Plasma?
• Plasma is the straw colored, non-living part
of blood. It is 90% water.
• Name 2 materials carried by plasma?
• RBC, Hormones, Digested materials.
Why is blood red?
• Blood is red because
it contains
hemoglobin and iron
rich pigment.
What does hemoglobin do
• Hemoglobin picks up
the oxygen molecules
and drops off CO2
Carbon Monoxide
• Binds to RBC better
than oxygen.
• Not good
• Kills us silently
• Cant smell it or taste
it.
Questions
• Why is blood red?
• Because it contains hemoglobin
• What does hemoglobin do?
• Hemoglobin carries oxygen
• What is the shape of a red blood cell?
• How does carbon monoxide poisoning occur?
Anemia
• Occurs when the
blood does not have
enough hemoglobin.
• Treated by taking in
more iron
• Because iron makes
up hemoglobin
What’s wrong with this picture?
Sickle Cell Anemia
• Genetic disease
• Red blood cells
become sickle shape
• Cant carry as much
oxygen
Malaria
• Disease that attacks
the RBC.
• Causes high fever
• If you have sickle cell
shaped RBC can not
get the disease.
Platelets
• Smallest part of blood
• No nucleus
• Live 2-4 days
• Involved in clotting of
blood
Bone marrow
• Makes the cells of the
blood
• Bone marrow is
located inside certain
long bones.
Leukemia
• Form of cancer in
which the bone
marrow makes too
many white blood
cells.
Name the parts of the blood?
• What do platelets do?
• Platelets clot the blood
• What is the smallest component of blood?
• The platelets
• What do white blood cells do?
• Fight infections
• How are red blood cells made?
• By the bone marrow
Platelets
 Derived from ruptured multinucleate
cells (megakaryocytes)
 Needed for the clotting process
 Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
 Initiate clotting by clinging to broken
blood vessels.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.13
Hematopoiesis
 Blood cell formation
 Occurs in red bone marrow
 All blood cells are derived from a
common stem cell (hemocytoblast)
 Hemocytoblast differentiation
 Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes
 Myeloid stem cell produces other formed
elements
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.14
Fate of Erythrocytes
 Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize
proteins
 Wear out in 100 to 120 days
 When worn out, are eliminated by
phagocytes in the spleen or liver
 Lost cells are replaced by division of
hemocytoblasts
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.15
Blood levels
• The average adult has 6L of blood in their
vascular system.
• Children have 2-3L, depending on their age
& size.
• Infants have only about 300ml.
• A minimal loss of blood to an adult could be
fatal to an infant.
Control of Erythrocyte Production
 Rate is controlled by a hormone
(erythropoietin)
 Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as
a response to reduced oxygen levels in
the blood
 Homeostasis is maintained by negative
feedback from blood oxygen levels
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.16
Control of Erythrocyte Production
Figure 10.5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.17
Hemostasis
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR
h_dAzXuoU
 Stoppage of blood flow
 Result of a break in a blood vessel
 Hemostasis involves three phases
 Platelet plug formation
 Vascular spasms
 Coagulation
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.18
Platelet Plug Formation
 Collagen fibers are exposed by a break
in a blood vessel
 Platelets become “sticky” and cling to
fibers
 Anchored platelets release chemicals to
attract more platelets
 Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.19
Vascular Spasms
 Anchored platelets release serotonin
 Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles
to spasm
 Spasms narrow the blood vessel,
decreasing blood loss
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.20
Coagulation
 Injured tissues release thromboplastin
 PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with
thromboplastin, blood protein clotting
factors, and calcium ions to trigger a
clotting cascade
 Prothrombin activator converts
prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.21a
Coagulation
 Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into
hair-like fibrin
 Fibrin forms a meshwork
(the basis for a clot)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.21b
Blood Clotting
 Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
 The clot remains as endothelium
regenerates
 The clot is broken down after tissue
repair
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YjmE5UM
YvY
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.22
Undesirable Clotting
 Thrombus
 A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
 Can be deadly in areas like the heart
 Embolus
 A thrombus that breaks away and floats
freely in the bloodstream
 Can later clog vessels in critical areas such
as the brain
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.23
Bleeding Disorders
 Thrombocytopenia
 Platelet deficiency
 Even normal movements can cause
bleeding from small blood vessels that
require platelets for clotting
 Hemophilia
 Hereditary bleeding disorder
 Normal clotting factors are missing
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.24
Blood Groups and Transfusions
 Large losses of blood have serious
consequences
 Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness
 Loss of over 30 percent causes shock,
which can be fatal
 Transfusions are the only way to
replace blood quickly
 Transfused blood must be of the same
blood group
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.25
Human Blood Groups
 Blood contains genetically determined
proteins
 A foreign protein (antigen) may be
attacked by the immune system
 Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that
will cause blood with certain proteins to
clump (agglutination)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.26a
Human Blood Groups
 There are over 30 common red blood
cell antigens
 The most vigorous transfusion reactions
are caused by ABO and Rh blood group
antigens
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.26b
ABO Blood Groups
 Based on the presence or absence of two
antigens
 Type A
 Type B
 The lack of these antigens is called
type O
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.27a
ABO Blood Groups
 The presence of both A and B is called
type AB
 The presence of either A or B is called
types A and B, respectively
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.27b
Blood Typing
 Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and
anti-B serum
 Coagulation or no coagulation leads to
determining blood type
 Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in
the same manner
 Cross matching – testing for
agglutination of donor RBCs by the
recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.30
Blood Types: ABO System, Red
Blood Cell Antigens & Blood
Groups
• http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/blood-types-abosystem-red-blood-cell-antigens-bloodgroups.html#lesson
Video Quiz
1. If you have Type B blood, which antibodies
would your body produce?
a. Both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
b. Anti-A antibodies
c. Both antibodies after the first exposure to a
different blood type
d. Anti-B antibodies
e. Neither Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies
Video Quiz
2. What could result if your blood were
transfused into another person with an
incompatible blood type?
a. There would be no reaction
b. Your blood cells would be destroyed
c. The other person's blood would undergo
agglutination
d. Your blood would clump together
e. Your blood would undergo agglutination
Video Quiz
3. If a person with Type B blood receives a
transfusion of Type O blood, what will result?
a. There will be no initial reaction, but the second
exposure to Type O blood will cause the blood
cells to clump together
b. There will be no negative reaction
c. Agglutination
d. There will be a severe immune response
e. None of the answers are correct
Video Quiz
4. Which blood type is considered the Universal
Recipient?
a. Type O
b. Type A
c. Type O negative blood
d. Type AB
e. Type B
Video Quiz
5. If you have Type AB blood, which antigens
would be present on your red blood cells?
a. There would be no antigens present until your first
exposure to a different blood type
b. A antigens
c. A and B antigens
d. B antigens
e. There would be no antigens present
Rh Blood Groups
 Named because of the presence or
absence of one of eight Rh antigens
(agglutinogen D)
 Most Americans are Rh+
 Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood
into a body with Rh– blood
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.28
Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
 Danger is only when the mother is Rh–
and the father is Rh+, and the child
inherits the Rh+ factor
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.29a
Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
 The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying
an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the
unborn child
 The first pregnancy usually proceeds without
problems
 The immune system is sensitized after the first
pregnancy
 In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune
system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+
blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.29b
Rh Blood Group, Rh Factor &
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
• http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/rh-blood-grouprh-factor-erythoblasotis-fetalis.html#lesson
Video Quiz
1. What would happen to the first Rh-positive
child born to an Rh-negative mother?
a. In the absence of any other diseases the child
would be born healthy
b. The child would be diagnosed with Hemolytic
Disease of the Newborn
c. The child's blood cells would be attacked by the
mother's antibodies
d. The child would need to be injected with RhoGAM
in order to survive
e. The child would need an immediate blood
Video Quiz
2. Which of the following is true if you are an are
Rh-positive woman?
a. You will have difficulty if you become pregnant
with an Rh-positive child
b. Your red blood cells do not contain the Rh antigen
c. Your blood contains anti-Rh positive antibodies
d. You have type O blood
e. Your red blood cells contain Rh antigens
Video Quiz
3. What could lead to the condition
erythroblastosis fetalis?
a. Rh-negative fetus
b. Rh-negative father and Rh-positive mother
c. Rh-negative mother
d. Rh-positive father and Rh-positive mother
e. Rh-positive mother
Video Quiz
4. Which of the following accurately describes
Rh factor?
a. An antigen found on the red blood cells of Rhnegative people
b. An antibody found on the red blood cells of most
people
c. An antigen found on the red blood cells of most
people
d. An antibody found on the red blood cells of Rhnegative people
e. None of the answers are correct
Video Quiz
5. Who is treated with RhoGAM to prevent the
risk of Hemolytic Disease of Newborn?
a. Both the mother and child
b. The woman's second-born child
c. The woman's first-born child
d. The woman with Rh-negative blood who gave
birth
e. The woman with Rh-positive blood who gave birth
Video Quiz
6. What would happen to the Rh-negative mother
after delivering an Rh-positive child?
a. She would become sensitized to the Rh-positive
antigen unless she is treated with RhoGAM
b. She would be diagnosed with Erythroblastosis
Fetalis
c. She would develop Rh antigens
d. She would never be able to have children again
e. She would need an immediate blood transfusion
Developmental Aspects of Blood
 Sites of blood cell formation
 The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of
blood cell formation
 Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by
the seventh month
 Fetal hemoglobin differs from
hemoglobin produced after birth
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.31
Circulatory System
• http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/the-humancirculatory-system-parts-andfunctions.html#lesson
Video Quiz
1. Which of the following is true of the circulatory
system?
a. It allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
b. It is a closed system.
c. All of the answers are correct
d. It is how vital nutrients are supplied to the body.
e. It can be thought of as two circuits in one.
Video Quiz
2. What is the purpose of the systemic circuit?
a. Pick up oxygen needed by the blood
b. Supply oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to the
body
c. Remove carbon dioxide from the blood
d. Oxygenate the blood
e. Carry blood to the lungs so carbon dioxide and
oxygen can be exchanged
Video Quiz
3. The circulation of blood from the right side of the
heart to the lungs and back to the heart completes
which circuit?
a. The Cardiovascular Circuit
b. The Systemic Circuit
c. The Pulmonary Circuit
d. The Circulatory Circuit
e. None of the answers are correct
Video Quiz
4. What is the job of the pulmonary circuit?
a. To return deoxygenated blood to the heart
b. To carry blood to the lungs so carbon dioxide can
be released and oxygen can be picked up
c. To supply your body with nutrients needed for
cellular activity
d. To carry oxygen to the trillions of cells in your
body
e. To pump the blood through your blood vessels
Video Quiz
5. Which of the following is not considered a part of
the circulatory system?
a. Blood
b. All of these structures are considered parts of the
circulatory system
c. Blood Vessels
d. The Heart
e. Lungs
Bill Nye the Science Guy: Blood
& Circulation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=playe
r_detailpage&v=IloEyuUGIpU