Transcript Stress, Health, and Coping

Stress, Health, and
Coping
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Health Psychology
The field concerned with the
promotion of health and the
prevention and treatment of
illness as it relates to
psychological factors
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Stress
The general term describing the
psychological and bodily
response to a stimulus that
alters the body’s state of
equilibrium
Stressor
Acute stressor
Chronic stressor
Stress response
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________ psychology is primarily
concerned with the treatment and
prevention of illness as it relates to
psychological factors.
A) Medical
B) Clinical
C) Biological
D) Social
E) Health
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________ psychology is primarily
concerned with the treatment and
prevention of illness as it relates to
psychological factors.
A) Medical
B) Clinical
C) Biological
D) Social
E) Health
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Biology of Stress
The alarm phase
Fight-or-flight response
Or Tend-and-Befriend
Biology
The resistance phase
Adaptation
The exhaustion phase
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Hans Selye pioneered a model which
describes the body's response to
stress. Which of the following choices
reflect the three phases of his model?
A) acute, chronic, and fight-or-flight
B) alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
C) fight, flight, and panic
D) exhaustion, panic, and calm
E) General Adaptation Syndrome
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Hans Selye pioneered a model which
describes the body's response to
stress. Which of the following choices
reflect the three phases of his model?
 A) acute, chronic, and fight-or-flight
 B) alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
 C) fight, flight, and panic
 D) exhaustion, panic, and calm
 E) General Adaptation Syndrome
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Allostasis
The multiple biological changes
that allow you to adapt to
stressors so your body functions
within a comfortable range
Allostatic load
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An example of an acute
stressor is ________.
A) being injured in a car crash
B) having cancer
C) being underfed
D) overcrowding
E) chronic isolation
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An example of an acute
stressor is ________.
A) being injured in a car crash
B) having cancer
C) being underfed
D) overcrowding
E) chronic isolation
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As Olina started her job, her supervisors kept her
work load low. As she progressed on the job, they
increased her load. With each increase came an
added level of stress, but Olina learned to handle it.
As the number and intensity of stressors increased,
Olina adjusted her ________.
A) alarm response
B) stress response
C) stress load
D) allostatic load
E) exhaustion response
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
As Olina started her job, her supervisors kept her
work load low. As she progressed on the job, they
increased her load. With each increase came an
added level of stress, but Olina learned to handle it.
As the number and intensity of stressors increased,
Olina adjusted her ________.
A) alarm response
B) stress response
C) stress load
D) allostatic load
E) exhaustion response
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Sources of Stress
Cognitive appraisal
Primary appraisal
Secondary appraisal
Coping
Perceived control
Control mismatch
Predictability
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Miranda is questioning whether her
upcoming business trip, where she must
travel through an area with many mountains,
will pose a danger for her. As such, this
example illustrates ________.
A) a stress reaction
B) coping
C) primary appraisal
D) secondary appraisal
E) psychological control
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Miranda is questioning whether her
upcoming business trip, where she must
travel through an area with many mountains,
will pose a danger for her. As such, this
example illustrates ________.
A) a stress reaction
B) coping
C) primary appraisal
D) secondary appraisal
E) psychological control
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Sources of Stress
Internal conflict
Conflict
Approach-approach conflict
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Approach-avoidance conflict
Life’s hassles
Daily hassles
Interruptions
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Sources of Stress
Work-related factors
Environmental factors
Lighting, noise, crowding
Floor plan
Job-related factors
Demand-control model
Air traffic controllers
Burnout
Workplace violence
Economics
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The demand-control model
examines ________.
 A) the relationship between job demands,
control over how the job gets done, and
stress
 B) how one attempts to control various life
demands
 C) the manner by which individuals try to
prevent demands being placed on them
from others
 D) how individuals attempt to juggle job
and personal demands
 E) the demands that unrealistic feelings of
control exerts on the heart
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The demand-control model
examines ________.
 A) the relationship between job demands,
control over how the job gets done, and
stress
 B) how one attempts to control various life
demands
 C) the manner by which individuals try to
prevent demands being placed on them
from others
 D) how individuals attempt to juggle job
and personal demands
 E) the demands that unrealistic feelings of
control exerts on the heart
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Hostility
A personality trait characterized by
mistrust, an expectation of harm and
provocation by others, and a cynical
attitude
Associated with heart disease
Gender differences
Anger management programs
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The Immune System
White blood cells
B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells
Glucocorticoids and stress
Psychoneuroimmunology
Posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD)
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The Immune System
Cancer
Immune system suppression and
NK cells
Stress
Perception of control
Heart disease
Stress and blood pressure
Atherosclerosis
Depression and heart disease
(broken heart syndrome)
Anxiety and heart disease
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Health-Impairing
Behaviors
Behaviors that can damage
health
Smoking
Substance abuse
Poor nutrition
Lack of exercise
Unsafe sex
Driving under the influence
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Health-Impairing
Behaviors
Why we do it?
Lack of knowledge
Perceived risk
Perceived severity
Illusion of invulnerability
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A fairly common reason why we
might engage in health-impairing
behaviors is due to ________.
A) low self-esteem
B) indifference
C) ignorance
D) a sense of invulnerability
E) a desire to engage in selfdestructive behavior
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A fairly common reason why we
might engage in health-impairing
behaviors is due to ________.
A) low self-esteem
B) indifference
C) ignorance
D) a sense of invulnerability
E) a desire to engage in selfdestructive behavior
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Health-Impairing
Behaviors
Changing health-impairing
behaviors
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
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Health-Impairing
Behaviors
Processes that encourage
change
Consciousness raising
Social liberation
Emotional arousal
Self-reevaluation
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Wardah is a faithful smoker. She
has no intentions of quitting.
Which stage of change is Wardah
in?
A) precontemplation
B) action
C) bargaining
D) maintenance
E) preparation
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Wardah is a faithful smoker. She
has no intentions of quitting.
Which stage of change is Wardah
in?
A) precontemplation
B) action
C) bargaining
D) maintenance
E) preparation
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Coping Strategies
Problem-focused strategies
Active coping
Planning
Instrumental social support
Suppression of competing
activities
Restraint coping
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Coping Strategies
Emotion-focused strategies
Emotional social support
Venting emotions
Positive
reinterpretation/growth
Behavioral disengagement
Mental disengagement
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Which of the following is NOT an
example of a problem-focused
coping strategy?
A) suppression of competing
activities
B) active coping
C) instrumental social support
D) positive
reinterpretation/growth
E) planning
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Which of the following is NOT an
example of a problem-focused
coping strategy?
A) suppression of competing
activities
B) active coping
C) instrumental social support
D) positive
reinterpretation/growth
E) planning
“
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Coping Strategies
Thought suppression
For the next 30 seconds, do
not think of an elephant
Rebound effect
Humor
Immune system effects
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Coping Strategies
Aggression
Environmental factors
Depression
Pain
Hostile attribution bias
Aggressive tendencies
Gender differences
Self-esteem
Narcissism
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Personality and Coping
Hardy personality
Commitment
Control
Challenges
Optimism
Pessimism
True pessimism
Defensive pessimism
Avoiders vs. nonavoiders
Genes and coping
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Libby believes that the future is up to her. She
knows that she has control over what happens
to her and sees every day as an opportunity to
learn something new. Libby has a(n)
________ personality.
A) hardy
B) pessimistic
C) aggressive
D) melancholic
E) all of the above
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Libby believes that the future is up to her. She
knows that she has control over what happens
to her and sees every day as an opportunity to
learn something new. Libby has a(n)
________ personality.
A) hardy
B) pessimistic
C) aggressive
D) melancholic
E) all of the above
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Coping and Social
Support
Social support affects…
Survival
Depression
Immune system
Perceived social support
Enacted social support
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Elizabeth hears that her neighbors' son
just died. She decides to bring them
dinner. This is an example of
________ social support.
A) emotional
B) indirect
C) direct
D) perceived
E) enacted
“
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Elizabeth hears that her neighbors' son
just died. She decides to bring them
dinner. This is an example of
________ social support.
A) emotional
B) indirect
C) direct
D) perceived
E) enacted
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Mind-Body
Interventions
Common mind-body interventions
Hypnosis
Meditation
Yoga
Biofeedback
Visual imagery
Cognitive therapy
Stress management/relaxation induction
Prayer
Tai chi
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Effects of Mind-Body
Interventions
Research results
Improved mood and immune
response
Increased lung functioning
Improved control of pain
Decreased stress and emotional
distress
Fewer subsequent heart problems
Placebo effects as a mind-body
intervention
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Gender, Culture, and
Coping
Gender differences and
stress levels
Cultural contexts
Crowding
Social support
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John and Seth both just moved to New York
City. John is a native of Tokyo and Seth has
lived his life in a rural town in Iowa. Seth
finds it much more difficult to cope with highdensity living conditions than does John.
Based on this information, it is MOST likely
that the effects of ________ help to explain
this difference.
A) race
B) gender
C) personality
D) culture
E) religion
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
John and Seth both just moved to New York
City. John is a native of Tokyo and Seth has
lived his life in a rural town in Iowa. Seth
finds it much more difficult to cope with highdensity living conditions than does John.
Based on this information, it is MOST likely
that the effects of ________ help to explain
this difference.
A) race
B) gender
C) personality
D) culture
E) religion
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007