Transcript PSYCHOTHERAPY

PSYCHOTHERAPY
What is psychotherapy?
•Refers
to any
psychological technique
that can bring about
positive changes in
personality, behavior, or
adjustment.
Psychotherapy is
not always used to
solve problem or
end crisis, therapy
can promote
personal growth
for people who are
already doing well
LIST SOME OF THE ELEMENTS OF
POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH THAT
THERAPIST SEEK TORESTORE OR
PROMOTE
Personal autonomy and independence
A sense of identity
Feelings of personal worth
Skilled interpersonal communication
Sensitivity, nurturance and trust
Genuine and honest with self and other
Self-control and personal responsibility
Committed and loving personal relationships
Capacity to forgive others and a purpose in life
Personal values and a purpose in life
Self-awareness and motivation for personal growth
Adaptive coping strategies for managing stresses and
crises
Fulfillment and satisfaction in work
Good habits of physical health
Dimensions of therapy
These are the basic aspect of various therapies:
1-Individual therapy:- A therapy involving only one client and one therapist.
2- group therapy:- a therapy session in which several clients participate at the same
time.
3- insight therapy:- any psychotherapy whose goals is to lead client to a deeper
understanding of their thoughts, emotion, and behavior.
4- Action therapy:- any therapy designed to bring about direct changes in troublesome
thought, habits, feelings, or behavior, without seeking insight into their origins or meaning.
5- directive therapy:- Any approach in which the therapist provides strong guidance.
6- Non-directive therapy:- A style of therapy in which clients assume responsibility for
solving their own problems; the therapist assists, but does not guide or give advice.
7- time-limited therapy:- Any therapy begun with the expectation that it will last only a
limited number of sessions.
8- supportive therapy:- An approach in which the therapists goal is to offer support,
rather than to promote personal change. A person trying to get through an emotional
crisis or one who wants to solve day –to –day problems may benefit from supportive
therapy.
NOTES:- that more than one
term may apply to particular
therapy
THREE MAJOR SCHOOLS IN
PSYCHOTHERAPY
PSYCHOANALYSIS
BEHAVIOR
THERAPY
HUMANISTIC
THERAPY
PSYCHOANALYSIS
psychoanalysis-expedition into the
unconscious
•the first true psychotherapy was created around
the turn of twentieth century Sigmund Freud.
•Freud's patient usually reclined on a couch during
therapy, while Freud sat out of sight taking notes
and offering interpretation. This procedure was
supposed to encourage a free flow of thoughts and
images from the unconscious. However, it is the
least important element of psychoanalysis and
many modern analysts have abandoned it.
Freud's theory stressed that “neurosis”
and “hysteria” are caused by repressed
memories, motives and conflictsparticularly those stemming from
instinctual drives for sex and aggression.
Although they are hidden, these factors
force people to develop rigid egodefeating behavior. Thus, the main goal of
psychoanalysis is to resolve internal
conflicts that lead to emotional suffering.
Freud relied on four basic technique to uncover the unconscious
root of neurosis:1-free association :-the process of free association involves saying whatever
comes to mined. The purpose of free association is to lower defenses so that
unconscious material can emerge.
2-dream analysis:-Freud believed that dreams provide a “royal road to the
unconscious” because they freely express forbidden desires and unconscious
feeling.
4-analysis of resistance:-when they are free association or describing dreams,
patient may resist discussing or thinking about certain topics. Such resistance
are said to reveal particularly important unconscious conflicts. As analysts
notice resistance, they bring them to the patient’s awareness so the patient
can deal with them realistically.
5- analysis of transference:- Transference is the tendency for patient to
“transfer” feelings to a therapist that are like feelings they have for important
persons their lives. At times, the patient may act as if the analyst is a rejecting
father, an unloving or overprotective mother, or a former lover. As the patient
re-experiences repressed emotions, the therapist can help the patient
recognize and understanding them.
Psychoanalysis today
•Traditional
psychoanalysis called for three to five
therapy sessions a week, often for many years. Today,
most patient are only seen once or twice per week, but
treatment may still go on for years. Because of the huge
amounts of time and money this requires,
psychoanalysts have become relatively rare.
•Many therapist have switched to doing brief
psychodynamic therapy, which uses direct questioning to
reveal unconscious conflicts. Modern therapists also
actively provide insight .interestingly, brief therapy seems
to accelerate recovery. Patient seem to realize that they
need to get to the heart of their problems quickly.
The development of newer, more
streamline dynamic therapies is part
due to question about the effectiveness
of traditional psychoanalysis. One critic.
Hans J. Eyesnck suggested that
psychoanalysis simply take so long that
patient experience a spontaneous
remission of symptom ( improvement
due to the near message of time).
Humanistic Therapies
Humanistic Therapies-Restoring
Human Potential:The goal of traditional psychoanalysis is adjustment. Freud
claimed that his patient could expect only to change their
“hysterical misery into common unhappiness”. Humanistic
therapies are generally more optimistic.
Client-centered therapy
•Psychoanalysis
delve in to the unconscious. Psychologist Carl Rogers
found it more beneficial to explore conscious thoughts and feelings. the
psychoanalyst tends to take a position of authority, stating what dreams,
thoughts, or memories “mean”. In contrast, Rogers believed that what is
right or valuable for the therapist may be entirely different for the
client.(Roger preferred the term client to patient because “patient”
implies a person is “sick” and need to be “cured”) consequently, the
client determines what will be discussed during each session. Thus,
CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY is non-directive and based on
insights from conscious thoughts and feelings.
•The
therapist’s job is to create a safe “atmosphere of growth”. The
therapist provides opportunities for change, but the client must actively
seek to solve his or her problems. The therapist cannot “fix” the client.
Behavior therapy
Behavior therapy-healing by
learning
•Behavior
therapy is the use of learning principle to make
constructive changes in behavior. behavioral approaches
include behavior modification, aversion therapy,
desensitization, token economies, and other technique
•Behavior therapists believe that deep insight into one’s
problem is often unnecessary for improvement. Instead,
they try to directly alter troublesome thoughts and
action
How does behavior therapy
work?
Behavior therapists assume that people have learned to
be the way they are. If they have learned responses that
cause problems, then they can change them by relearning
more appropriate behavior. Broadly speaking, behavior
modification refers to any use of classical or operant
condition to directly alter human behavior.
How does classical condition
work?
classical condition is a form of learning in which
simple responses (especially reflexes) are associated
with new stimuli. In classical conditioning, a neutral
stimulus is followed by an unconditioned stimulus(US)
that consistently produces an unlearned reaction, called
response (UR). Eventually, the the unconditioned
previously neutral stimulus begins to produce this
response directly. The response is then called a
conditioned response (CR), and the stimulus becomes a
conditioned stimulus(CS).
Desensitization
•Who
afraid of a hierarchy?
•Hierarchy is a rank-ordered series of higher and lower
amounts, levels, degrees, or steps. When a person
conquered his or her fear, we can say that desensitization
has occurred.
•Desnsitization is also based on reciprocal inhibition
(using one emotional state to block anther). For
instance, it is impossible to be anxious and relaxed at
the same time.
•Typically, systematic desensitization (a guided reduction
in fear, anxiety, or aversion) is attained by gradually
approaching a feared stimulus while maintaining
relaxation.
What is desensitization used
for?
Desensitization is primarily used to help people unlearn
or counter condition phobias (intense, unrealistic fear)
or strong anxieties.
for example, each of these people might be a candidate
for desensitization: a teacher with stage of fright,
student with test anxiety.
Performing desensitization how
is desensitization done?
•First, the
clint and the therapist construct a hierarchy.
This is a list of fear-provoking situation, arranged
from lest disturbing to most frightening. Second, the
client is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation.
Once the client is relaxed, she or he proceeds to the third
step by trying to perform the least disturbing item on the
list.
•For many phobias, desensitization works best when
people are directly exposed to the stimuli they fear .for
something like a simple spider phobia, this exposure can
even be done in groups.
Operant Therapies-All the World Is
Skinner Box?
Where dose operant condition fit in? operant condition
refers to learning based on the consequences of making
a response. The operant principles most often used by
behavior therapist to deal with human behavior are:
1-positive reinforcement:- responses that are followed
by reward tend to occur more frequently.
2-Non-reinforvcment:- A person that is not followed by
reward will occur less frequently
3- Extinction:- if a response is not followed by reward after
it has been repeated many times; it will go away. After
winning three times, you pull the handle on a slot machine
30 times more withot a payoff. What do you do? You go
away. So dose the response of handle pulling.
4- punishment:- if a response is followed by discomfort or
an undesirable effect, the response will be suppressed (but
not necessarily extinguished).
5-shaping:-shaping means rewarding actions are closer and
closer approximation to a desired response.
6-stimulus control:- responses tend to come under the
control of the situation in which they occur.
7-time out:-A time-out procedure usually involve removing
the individual from a situation in which reinforcement
occurs. Time out is a variation of non-reinforcement: it
prevents reward from following an undesirable response
Comparison of psychotherapies
INSIGHT DIRECTIVE INDIVIDUA THERAPYS
OR
OR NONL OR
STRENGT
ACTION DIRECTIVE
GROUP
H
directive
individual
Searching
honesty
Clientcentered
therapy
insight Non-directive
both
Acceptance,
empathy
Behavior
therapy
action
both
Observable
changes in
behavior
psychoanalysis
insight
directive