Transcript PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE William Wundt Known as the “father of psychology” How is psychology related to the natural sciences? Concern with the biological functions of the brain The way it conducts experiments The way it analyzes data and draws conclusions What are the roles of counseling psychologists, school psychologists, and educational psychologists? Counseling – therapy for everyday problems; clarify clients goals; assist in meeting challenges School psychologists – testing; develop IEPs Educational – course planning and instructional methods When did modern psychology begin? 1800s – with advancement in science Psychoanalysis Focuses conflicts on unconscious motives and behaviorism Scientific study of observable behavior Humanistic perspective Concerned with human consciousness, experience, and self-awareness survey Helps researchers gather information from many people Representative sample People are selected at random from a target population Stratified sample A sample that proportionally represents every subgroup of a target population Case-study method – Who used it? Studying one person over an extended period of time Sigmund Freud Longitudinal studies Studies a group of people over an extended amount of time Drawbacks: expensive; people may drop out Naturalistic observation Observing people in their natural environment Example: watching people eating in a restaurant Correlation does not equal…? causation Skinner boxes are examples of what? Laboratory observations Why is confidentiality in studies important? Encourages participants to be truthful When can participants in a study be deceived? If there will be no harmful effects from the study If they’re debriefed after the study is complete How do researchers learn about the brain? Studying images of the brain created by computers Studying those with brain injuries Studying the effects of electrical stimulation on the brain What type of study is most useful for showing the influence of heredity and environment? Studying apart twins who have been reared What are acetylcholine and dopamine? neurotransmitters What is the role of the hypothalamus? “hypo the llamas!!!” Involved in hunger, thirst, and REGULATING BODY TEMPERATURE The right side of the body is controlled by … Left hemisphere Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area Producing and understanding speech Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Sensory adaptation Block out sounds we hear frequently Example: living by train tracks Chemical senses Smell and taste Visual acuity Sharpness of vision Temple Grandin Woman diagnosed with Autism that perceived her world in pictures What are the 4 basic taste qualities? Sweet Sour Bitter Salty Sensation Process of receiving sensory information Who detects odors more readily? Women Altered states of consciousness Examples: sleep and meditation Sensory awareness Example: smelling a freshly baked pie Why is sleep vital? Helps people recover from stress Builds up our resistance to infection Maintains the brain’s proper functioning REM sleep Part of sleep cycle in which we have the most vivid dreams Circadian rhythm Sequence of bodily changes that occur every 24 hours Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness in which people respond to suggestions and behave as though they are in a trance 3 meanings of consciousness Sensory awareness Direct inner awareness Sense of self Insonmia Inability to sleep Why is sleepwalking common in children? Immaturity of the nervous system What was Freud’s theory about dreams? They reflected our unconscious wishes and urges Unconditioned stimulus/response Stimulus that causes an automatic response See food start to salivate Conditioned stimulus/response A stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that provokes a response Bell + food salivates Bell salivates Reinforcement A stimulus increases the chances of a preceding behavior to occur again Latent learning Form of learning that keeps information hidden until it is needed Example: directions Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s salivating dogs What is Ivan Pavlov known for? Classical conditioning What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment? Negative reinforcement – behavior increases to take away a negative stimulus (using an umbrella to avoid getting soaked) Punishment – decreases a behavior (timeout) Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement Reinforcement after a specific amount of time Getting paid every 2 weeks Generalization Little Albert Fear of white rats fear of anything white and furry Taste aversion Form of classical conditioning that can help people avoid illness Primary reinforcers Food/candy Procedural memory Memories of specific skills – riding a bike Generic memory General knowledge Who was the 1st president of the US? What is repression a reaction to? Painful and unpleasant memories Recognition Easiest of the 3 basic memory tasks Retrograde amnesia Inability injury to remember events prior to the Decay General fading away of memory Information-processing model Encoding, storage, retrieval How much info can the short-term memory hold? +/- 7 Chunking Organizes units information items into familiar (732) 602 - 8650 Mnemonic device ROY G BIV Intelligence Learn from experience Think rationally Deal effectively with the environment Adopted children have IQs most similar to…. Biological parents What causes mental retardation? Difficulties during childbirth Drug or alcohol abuse during pregnancy Genetic disorders Wechsler vs. Stanford-Binet Wechsler abilities measure verbal and nonverbal Emotional intelligence Self-awareness Gardner Multiple intelligences What is the average IQ score? 70 What is the IQ for “giftedness”? 130 Developmental psychology Examines how people are continually developing Rooting reflex When a child’s cheek is touched, they turn toward the touch Accommodation adapt your current schemas to incorporate new info Piaget’s Stages of Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational Authoritative parenting style Expects compliance with rules but explains the rules and encourages independence Erikson’s stages 8 stages of development marked by the resolution of specific developmental “tasks” Trust vs. mistrust Kohlberg’s stages of moral development Preconventional Conventional Stage 1 – characterized by avoidance of punishment Stage 2 – characterized by a desire to further one’s own interests Stage 3 – characterized by living up to the expectations of others Stage 4 – characterized by a sense of conscience and “doing one’s duty” Postconventional Stage 5 – characterized by an understanding that values and rules are relative but generally need to be upheld Stage 6 – characterized by universal ethical principles What are the stages of death & dying? Denial –”Can’t be me” Anger – “It’s not fair” Bargaining –”I’ll be nicer if…” Depression – “What’s the use …” Acceptance – “I’ve had a good life.” How many supposed human instincts? 5759 Instinct Complex behavior that has a fixed pattern throughout a species and is unlearned Bulimia/Anorexia Maslow’s hierarchy Self-actualization – creativity, problem solving, spontaneity Esteem – self-esteem, confidence, respect of self and from others Love & belongingness – friendship, family, relationships Safety – security of body, employment, morality, family Physiological – food, water, breathing, sleep What are the 4 basic human motives? Hunger Sex Belonging Achievement James-Lange theory of emotion “We are happy because we smile.” SMILE FOR YOU Smiling is infectious; you catch it like the flu, When someone smiled at me today, I started smiling too. I passed around the corner and someone saw my grin When he smiled I realized I'd passed it on to him. I thought about that smile then I realized its worth, A single smile, just like mine could travel round the earth. So, if you feel a smile begin, don't leave it undetected Let's start an epidemic quick, and get the world infected! Emotion Interplay of physiological activation, expression of behavior, and a conscious experience Self-actualization Top of hierarchy of motives Reach full potential Robert Zajonc Feel an emotion before thinking What are Freud’s 3 structures of the mind? Id Ego Superego Archetypes Images such as a supreme being and fairy godmother Sociocultural theory Person’s ethnic background that contributes to the formation of the person’s personality Self-concepts View of oneself as an individual Regression One of Freud’s defense mechanisms Causes an individual to retreat to childlike behavior Trait Aspect of personality that is considered to be reasonably stable Adler People are motivated by a need to overcome feelings of inferiority Hypochondriasis Unrealistic preoccupation with the fear that one has a serious illness Criterion for diagnosis Maladaptivity Typicality Emotional discomfort Socially unacceptable behavior Schizophrenia Characterized reality by a loss of contact with PTSD Characterized by intense, persistent feelings of anxiety due to a traumatic experience Depression Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and sadness Bipolar disorder Mood disorder involving a cycle of mood swings from depression to elation OCD Obsessions and compulsions Personality disorders Antisocial others – disregard for the rights of Psychotherapy Psychologically based therapy that involves verbal interaction between a trained professional and a person who is skeeping help for a psychological disorder Free association Method used in psychoanalysis in which the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind What approach focuses on reaching your full potential? Humanistic What type of drug would be used for someone with schizophrenia? Antipsychotic What is the most effective form of therapy for depression? Cognitive Attribution theory Theory that states the people tend to explain the behavior of others in terms of either their disposition or in terms of the situation Social loafing Tendency for people to slack off when they are working with others toward a common goal Bystander effect – Kitty Genovese Phenomenon in which people are less likely to give aid when other bystanders are present