Transcript Behavior Modification

Behavior Modification
The Start to a Better You
Brenda Hatley
Trisha Abad
Ana Maria Barrera
Charles Charanghat
What we will be covering:
• What is a Personality?
• Theories of Human Behavior
• Behavior Modification Programs
Behavior Modification Model
• “Any Dog Can Become an Elephant”
• Tips and Suggestions
• Group Activity
Psychological Perspective
• Behavior as a component of
personality
– Personality is made up of 3 factors:
1. Values
2. Attitudes
3. Behavior
Values
• Abstract concepts of importance that are made
tangible through objects that symbolize their
value
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Education- symbolized by books and diploma
• Adopt early in life by emulating figures of
authority
–
Parents, siblings, school teachers
• Hierarchy of values (Milton Rokeach, 1972)
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Two levels
1. Instrumental values
•
“core” to the meaning of the individual
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Important constructs that lend support to the core values
2. Terminal values
Attitudes
• Each value may carry with it hundreds of
attitudes
• Beliefs, perceptions, and feelings based on
a specific value
– Often expressed as opinions
• Can be positive or negative
– Negative attitudes are associated with
perceived stress
Behaviors
• Physical manifestations of an attitude based on a
specific value
– Clapping your hands at the end of a concert
• Any action, direct or indirect, that is based on a
conscious or unconscious thought
• Have been shown to be the most likely modified
or favorably altered factor to improve health
status
Theories of Human Behavior
• Behavior Modification
– Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
• Behavior is specific to physiological autonomic functions
• Animals become conditioned to specific stimuli to act a specific
way
– Dogs salivate when they hear bell associated with food
– Running water and going to the bathroom
Theories of Human Behavior (cont’d)
• Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
– Voluntary behaviors that we have conscious control
over
– Good behavior rewarded and bad behavior is
disciplined
• Positively reinforced = repeated behavior
• Punishment = deter unbecoming behavior
Theories Of Human Behavior (cont’d)
• Modeling (Imitation)
– The ability to imitate our
behaviors from the observation
of others
• No direct reinforcement is given
Behavior Modification Programs
• Negative Health Habits
– Alcoholism, eating disorders, smoking
• Behavioral Addictions
– Workaholic, shopping
• Lifestyle improvement changes
– Time management and assertiveness
• GOAL: Building and maintaining self-esteem
Behavior Modification in the
Treatment of Obesity
• The assessment of behavior
modification was carried out in
a day-care program for the
treatment of obesity.
• Duration of treatment was 3
months.
• Thirty-two patients, all at least
20% overweight, comprised
the study group.
• Median age of the behavior
therapy patients was 39 (range
22-61); that of the control
group was 44 (range 15-61).
Steps of Experiment:
1.
Description of the Behavior to be Controlled
 Patients were asked to keep a daily log of what they ate.
2.
Modification and Control of the Discriminatory Stimuli Governing
Eating
 Patients were asked to eat in only one location, to use triggers
like uniquely colored table settings, and to only eat during
meal times
3.
Development of Techniques which Control the Act of Eating
 To become more aware of the speed of their eating, patients
were asked to count their bites and to put down their utensils
every third bite.
4.
Prompt Reinforcement of Behaviors which Delay or Control Eating
 Implemented positive and negative reinforcement.
•
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Positive: points were earned for sticking to the program which
earned a monetary prize.
Negative: after eating a snack food patients were to drink caster
oil
Effectiveness
• Each of two groups treated with behavior
modification lost more weight than a matched
control group treated with traditional group
therapy.
• 13% of the patients treated by behavior
modification lost more than 40 pounds and
53% lost more than 20 pounds, results which
rank with the best in the medical literature.
• We conclude that behavior modification may
represent a significant advance in the
treatment of obesity.
– Sydnor B. Penick, MD, Ross Filion, PhD,
Sonja Fox and Albert J. Stunkard, MD
The Behavior Modification Model
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One Precursory
Phase (Denial)
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Refuse to admit to their
unhealthy behavior
Five Distinct
Systematic Stages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Awareness
Desire to Change
Cognitive Restructuring
Behavioral Substitution
Evaluation
Five Distinct Systematic Stages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Awareness
Learning to become aware of a specific behavior in the effort to
change it
• Stress-producing habits
Desire to Change
No change will occur without it
“hit bottom”
Cognitive Restructuring
Catch yourself in the act and think of new alternative
Self-dialogue recognizing current and pending behavior
Behavioral Substitution
Substituting a new (positive) behavior for a less desirable one
Not just substitution, but addition to behavior
Evaluation
“Step back”
See what worked/didn’t work and fine-tune the process
So Remember: Any Dog Can
Become an Elephant!
• Awareness
• Desire to Change
• Cognitive
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Restructuring
Behavioral
Substitution
Evaluation
Tips and Suggestions
• Journal Writing
• Behavioral Substitution
(Mental Imagery)
• Relaxation techniques
may be additions to
behavior substitutions
• Alter one behavior at a
time
• Do Not wait until January
1st