Transcript Holt African American History Chapter 5

Holt African American History
Chapter 5
Holt African American History
Steps to Freedom
Section 1 The Antislavery Movement
Section 2 The Coming Conflict
Section 3 The Civil War—Freedom Won
Chapter 5
Holt African American History
Chapter 5
Section 1: The Antislavery Movement
Main Idea
Both black and white Americans helped support the antislavery
movement in the early to mid-1800s.
Reading Focus
• What were the origins of the antislavery movement, and what
led to its growth in the early 1800s?
• Who were some black abolitionists, and what methods did they
use?
• Who were some white abolitionists, and what methods did they
use?
Holt African American History
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Building Background
In the early 1800s reform movements swept the nation.
Reformers sought to improve conditions for white
Americans in factories, prisons, and crowded cities. In
addition, a growing number of reformers turned their
attention to the issue of slavery. Both black and white
Americans grew increasingly vocal in their opposition to
the South’s “peculiar institution.” These reformers
demanded change—and they would be heard.
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Origins of the Antislavery Movement
• Dates back before the American Revolution
– Early colonists such as the Quakers protested against slavery
– As independence struggle grew more people joined call to end
slavery; first antislavery society formed in Philadelphia in 1775
• Not a major force until early 1800s with religious revival
known as Second Great Awakening
– Rebirth of religious fervor encouraged reform
– Reform focus contributed to growth of antislavery movement
• More Americans viewed slavery as moral wrong that went
against religious beliefs
– Social reformers united and formed organizations to oppose
slavery
Holt African American History
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Holt African American History
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Reading Check
Analyze
What contributed to the growth of the antislavery
movement in the early 1800s?
Answer(s):
A religious revival known as the Second
Great Awakening and the subsequent
focus on social reform
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Black Abolitionists
American antislavery groups differed in their goals; some opposed
spread of slavery but wanted it kept in place where already existed;
others wanted to abolish slavery.
Abolition Movement
Black Militants
David Walker
• Campaign to abolish,
or end, slavery
• Militant black
abolitionists favored
use of force
• Free black merchant;
published 1829
pamphlet, Appeal to
the Colored Citizens
of the World
• Supporters called
abolitionists
• Free blacks among
most vocal in group;
took great risks in
supporting abolition
• Wrote and spoke
calling on African
Americans to resist
slavery by any means
necessary
• Called on African
Americans to rise up
against slavery
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Many Voices
Walker not alone
• New York abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet urged slaves to resist
• In 1843 speech he declared, “Strike for your lives and liberties …”
• Shocked by calls for violence, others looked for more peaceful
methods to end slavery
Frederick Douglass
• Black abolitionist who opposed the use of force
• Had escaped slavery; was gifted writer and speaker for abolition
• Published antislavery newspaper, The North Star; wrote about his life
• Traveled across U.S. and British Isles giving speeches on evils of
slavery; his eloquent appeals drew people to the movement
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Holt African American History
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The Black Abolition Movement
Douglass one of many
Racial discrimination
• Free blacks gave speeches,
held antislavery conventions
• Unfair treatment of people of a
certain race—discrimination
• Published many antislavery
newspapers
• Free blacks in the North still
faced unequal treatment; took
direct action to fight against
discrimination
• Personal accounts of slave life
helped educate Americans
• Sojourner Truth—leading
abolitionist and women’s rights
activist; famous speech, “Ain’t I
a Woman” delivered in 1851
• Elizabeth Jennings sued a
railway company and won;
paved way for second legal
case which opened streetcars
to black passengers
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Reading Check
Contrast
How did militant abolitionists differ from other black
abolitionists?
Answer(s):
Militant abolitionists favored the use of
force, whereas other black abolitionists
did not.
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White Abolitionists
White activists
William Lloyd Garrison
• Thousands of white activists
joined antislavery movement
during mid-1800s
• Many became leaders in the
movement
• White journalist; one of
foremost abolitionists in nation
• 1831 newspaper, The Liberator
• Radical abolitionist who called
for immediate end to slavery
Sensational action
Cost of support
• Garrison burned copy of U.S.
Constitution in 1854
• Helped found the New England
Anti-Slavery Society and the
American Anti-Slavery Society
• White abolitionists contributed
own money for lecture tours;
purchased freedom of many
slaves
• Often risked own lives
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Other White Abolitionist Leaders
• To abolish slavery, needed to persuade people to join cause; white
abolitionists used many methods
– Published antislavery newspapers (Garrison); published pamphlets and
books (Theodore Weld)
• Weld’s Slavery As It Is helped inspire Uncle Tom’s Cabin
– Uncle Tom’s Cabin was Harriett Beecher Stow’s 1852 novel of terrors and
tragedies of slave life; novel sold 300,000 copies the first year
– Novel drew new supporters to abolitionist cause
• Some used political means
– Arthur and Lewis Tappan favored legislation; established Liberty Party as
first antislavery political party in U.S.
• Militant John Brown thought that only force could end slavery
– 1849 moved to black community to learn evils of slave system firsthand
from former slaves; he believed nothing short of war would end slavery
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Holt African American History
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Reading Check
Find the Main Idea
What methods did white abolitionists use to spread
their message?
Answer(s):
Published newspapers, distributed
pamphlets, gave public speeches,
published accounts of slavery by former
slaves, created a political party
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Section 2: The Coming Conflict
Main Idea
Disagreement over the expansion of slavery led to conflict
between the North and the South, and in time to the secession of
the southern states.
Reading Focus
• How did the expansion of slavery create rising tensions
between the North and the South?
• How did black and white northerners react to the Fugitive
Slave Act?
• What conflicts intensified the debate over slavery into a crisis?
• What further events led the nation to split apart?
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Building Background
As tensions over slavery intensified, the North and the
South edged closer to conflict. Disputes over the
expansion of slavery began to escalate and erupt into
violence. Could the country continue like this—half slave
states and half free states? The rising tensions between
these two opposing forces would soon tear the country
apart at its seams.
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Rising Tensions
• Growing number of Americans now settling the West
– Hoping to find wealth, obtain land of their own
– Issue of slavery’s expansion into new territories arose
• The Missouri Compromise
– Tension between slave and free states increased in early 1800s
– 1819 Missouri Territory applied to enter the Union as a slave state; if
accepted would tilt slave state–Free state balance in Senate in South’s
favor; Northerners upset about losing power in Senate
– Others opposed expansion of slavery on moral grounds
– Issue resolved with Missouri Compromise of 1820, which admitted
Missouri as slave state and Maine as free state and banned slavery north
of the 36°30′ N latitude in unorganized territory of Louisiana Purchase
• Delicate Senate balance was maintained but tensions remained high
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Holt African American History
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The Compromise of 1850
New territories sought statehood
• Issue of slave or free states continued
• Politicians fought over issue; a few tried hard to maintain balance
• In 1848 the U.S. gained vast amount of land in West as result of
Mexican-American War; debate over allowing slavery intensified
California applies
• California’s leaders applied for statehood as free state in 1849
• This would upset the balance in the Senate
• The South feared loss of economic and political power; Southern
leaders threatened to secede from the Union as a last result
• Some northerners countered, “Let them secede!”
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Henry Clay
Henry Clay, author of the Missouri Compromise, came up with a plan
to solve the California problem. After much debate, Congress passed
a series of laws called the Compromise of 1850.
Details
Territories
Appeasement
• Compromise resulted
in California joining
Union as free state
• Popular
sovereignty, a vote
of the people, would
determine slave issue
• Agreement included a
tougher fugitive slave
law to appease the
slave states
• Slave trade ended in
the District of
Columbia
• Neither side
completely satisfied
with compromise
• Rest of land gained
from Mexico was
organized into New
Mexico and Utah
territories
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Holt African American History
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Reading Check
Find the Main Idea
Why were the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and
the Compromise of 1850 necessary?
Answer(s):
to allow new states to join the Union
while maintaining either the balance of
power in the U.S. Senate or peace
between the North and the South
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The Fugitive Slave Act
• Compromise of 1850 settled one dispute and triggered another—a
dispute over the Fugitive Slave Act
– Southerner slaveholders felt that northerners ignored the law and offered
aid to escaped slaves
– New law made assisting runaway slaves a federal crime; commissioners
were appointed to enforce law; citizens expected to “aid and assist”
• New law meant anyone who helped or hid fugitive slaves was subject
to heavy fines and imprisonment
– Federal marshals had great power; could arrest fugitive slaves who had
been free for decades
– African Americans accused of being runaways had to prove that they were
free, a difficult and near impossible task
• Law put many black northerners —whether legally free or escaped— at
risk
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Fighting the Fugitive Slave Act
Northerners infuriated
• More were encouraged to support the fight against slavery
• In the North people openly resisted new law; organized against it
• Abolitionists urged African Americans to prepare to defend
themselves
Harriet Tubman
• Famous black conductor for the Underground Railroad determined to
help fight the Fugitive Slave Act
• In Troy, New York she came to the aid of Charles Nalle who had been
captured and was going to be returned to slavery in Virginia
• As a crowd pushed forward Tubman helped him escape
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Holt African American History
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Black Self-Protection Groups
Blacks organized
Warrants for escapees
• As threat of capture increased
blacks organized to protect
themselves
• September 1851 armed group
pounded on Parker’s door to
serve warrants
• Self-protection groups were
successful
• Parker’s wife blew a horn for
help and neighbors came to
their aid; in the battle that
followed, the slave catchers
retreated
• Developed alert plans if slave
catchers were seen in area
• William Parker, one of the
organizers, used the plan to
save four men at his house
• Arrests for treason followed
and Parker became a fugitive,
leaving his family behind
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Reading Check
Summarize
What did African Americans do to try to protect
themselves from the Fugitive Slave Act?
Answer(s):
They helped captured African Americans
escape, and they formed self-protection
groups to warn one another of danger.
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The Conflict Becomes a Crisis
Throughout the 1850s the dispute over slavery raged on. Three key
events brought the crisis between the North and the South to a head.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Passed in 1854, the Act organized Kansas and Nebraska
into territories and allowed the issue of slavery to be
determined by popular sovereignty
• The Act bitterly divided the nation; proslavery and
antislavery forces sent supporters to Kansas to help
influence the vote there
• Abolitionist John Brown settled in Kansas
• “Bleeding Kansas” became a violent battleground
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The Dred Scott Decision
Lawsuit
• 1857 Supreme Court case
• Upon return to slaveholding
Missouri Dred Scott sued for his
freedom
• Enslaved Missouri man traveled
with his slaveholder to Illinois and
Wisconsin Territory where slavery
was illegal
• His argument: living on free soil
had made him free
The Court ‘s Decision
Fifth Amendment
• Deeply divided Court ruled against
Scott’s argument; Scott could not
sue because he wasn’t a citizen
under the U.S. Constitution
• Based decision on property rights;
the Compromise deprived
slaveholders of those rights
without due process of law
• Also declared the Missouri
Compromise unconstitutional
• Abolitionists felt ruling put
Supreme Court on side of slavery
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Holt African American History
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John Brown’s Raid
Radical Abolitionist
October 16, 1859
• John Brown contributed
another link in the chain of
events
• Brown and his 21 men set out
for Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
• By 1859 he had decided force
was only way to end slavery;
came up with plan to attack
federal arsenal, capture guns,
and arm a slave revolt
• Harriet Tubman supported his
plan; others warned him
against it
• Broke into the arsenal; but few
slaves joined his revolt
• Trapped the next day; Brown
was convicted and hung for
treason before year’s end
• Many Northerners viewed
Brown as a hero; church bells
tolled in salute at his death
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Holt African American History
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Reading Check
Sequence
What series of events in the mid-to late 1800s led
to increased conflict between the North and the
South?
Answer(s):
Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott
decision, and John Brown’s raid
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The Nation Splits Apart
Unpopular compromises, laws, and court decisions of the 1850s had
deepened the divisions in the United States. Ideological, economic,
and political divisions over slavery would rip the country apart.
The Election of 1860
Gained Support
Lincoln Chosen
• Established in the
1840s, antislavery
political parties had
limited success
• Abraham Lincoln
joined the new party
in 1856; addressed
the Illinois Republican
convention in 1858
with dire prediction
• In 1860, Republicans
selected Lincoln as
party’s presidential
candidate
• In 1854 antislavery
parties united to form
the Republican Party
in time for the
upcoming election
• Lincoln stated, “A
house divided against
itself cannot stand”
• With a division in the
Democratic Party,
Southerners split their
vote and Lincoln won
the presidency
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The First Southern States Secede
• Many Southerners irate over Lincoln’s election
• “A party founded on the … hatred of African
slavery is now the controlling power,” wrote the
New Orleans Delta
• Election propelled seven southern states—
South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas—to secede
• New nation formed in December 1861
• The Confederate States of America, also
called the Confederacy
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Reading Check
Draw Conclusions
Why did many southerners oppose Lincoln’s
election to the presidency in 1860?
Answer(s):
They feared that because Lincoln was a
Republican, he might try to outlaw
slavery in the South.
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Section 3: The Civil War—Freedom Won
Main Idea
The Civil War led to new roles, rights, and freedoms for African
Americans in the North and the South.
Reading Focus
• What events led to the outbreak of war between the Union and
the Confederacy?
• In what ways did African Americans contribute during the Civil
War?
• What led Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation?
Holt African American History
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Building Background
After years of painful dispute, the United States broke
apart. Several southern states formed the Confederate
States of America to protect their way of life, including
the institution of slavery. Secession, however, did not
end the dispute between the North and the South. The
tense situation would require only a spark to unleash the
heat of war.
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War Breaks Out
Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. He hoped the states would
return peacefully to the Union. Instead war came two months later.
An Attack Leads to War
• Confederate officials started seizing federal arsenals, forts, and other property
in the South; Lincoln declared property still belonged to Union
– Ordered U.S. Military to protect all such property
• Confederates determined to take Fort Sumter, South Carolina
– Lincoln sent in ships with essential supplies; worried troops would follow,
Confederates fired on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 and took the fort
• The Civil War had begun and Lincoln sent troops to put down rebellion
– Most states rallied to his call for troops; several slave states still in Union
refused
– Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy
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Preparing for War
• With outbreak of war, both sides prepared armies to fight
• Black men in the North volunteered to fight; the Union army turned
them away; African Americans created informal military units and
trained for possible active duty
• A few Union generals disagreed with the decision not to accept
blacks in the army
– Contrabands, escaped Confederate slaves, began turning up at Union
army camps seeking protection and offering to help the Union cause
– Offered noncombatant positions such as cooks or hospital orderlies
– The navy approved active enlistment of black men in September 1861
• African Americans contributed to the war effort of the Confederacy
– Slaves grew much of the food; such labor freed white men to fight
– Slaves served in noncombat positions as cooks or wagon drivers
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Holt African American History
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Reading Check
Analyze
Early in the war, how were Confederate slaves
able to contribute to the war effort in the North?
Answer(s):
They escaped to Union army camps
where they contributed to by serving in
noncombat roles
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African Americans in the Civil War
African American finally got the chance to fight in the Union Army and
played a crucial role in the war effort in many capacities.
Enlistment of Black
Troops
• No quick victory for
Union; war continued
and more died
• Northern attitudes
about use of black
troops changed
• July 1862 Congress
approved limited
enlistment of blacks
Black Regiments
More Recruitment
• Some formed in Union
controlled South
• Black leaders called
on men to serve; the
54th Massachusetts
Infantry one of first
black regiments
• 1862 First Louisiana
Native Guards also
known as the Corps
d’Afrique organized
• Two more regiments
fielded; general
recruitment approved
in 1863
• Confederacy tried to
recruit in March 1865;
few enlisted
• War was over one
month later
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Hardships and Heroism
Unique Hardships
Treatment
U.S. Navy
• Black troops received
fewer supplies, less
training, and less pay
• If captured, black
troops faced more
severe treatment
• One-fourth of all
Union sailors in the
War were black
• Took steps to counter
such discrimination
• Confederate troops
enslaved or executed
captured black
soldiers
• Robert Smalls was
one who proved his
bravery and loyalty
• Members of the 54th
Mass. Infantry
protested unequal
wages by refusing
pay for over a year
• U.S. government
finally agreed to pay
same to all troops
• White troops were
held as prisoners of
war
• In all, 186,000 black
men served bravely
in the Union forces
• Black troops fought
with distinction in
more than 250
engagements; with
23 Medals of Honor,
nation’s highest
military award
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Holt African American History
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Heroic Black Women in the Civil War
• Black women displayed outstanding bravery during the
conflict
– Many women served as nurses
– Others traveled with troops to help cook, sew, and wash
• Nursing the sick most common job
– Nurse Susie King Taylor, wife of officer in 1st Carolina Volunteers
– Also taught soldiers to read and write in spare time
• Sojourner Truth
– Leading black abolitionist worked to support war effort
– Helped raise money and supplies for southern black refugees
– Met with President Lincoln, who convinced her to nurse wounded
black soldiers in Freedmen’s Hospital
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Holt African American History
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Black Military Spies
More War Efforts
• Served Union Army as spies
• Union officials found black spies were very effective at passing
Confederate information
• Found to be better at avoiding detection than white spies
Female Spies
• Harriet Tubman gathered information from southern slaves
– Praised for her “remarkable courage, zeal, and fidelity”
• Mary Elizabeth Bowser another well-known black spy; worked in
home of Confederate president Jefferson Davis
– Pretended she could not read; listened to conversations and examined
documents; passed valuable military information to Union officials
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Reading Check
Summarize
In what ways did African Americans contribute to
the war effort for both the North and the South?
Answer(s):
They served as soldiers, manual laborers,
spies, nurses, and support personnel.
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The Emancipation Proclamation
One crucial unanswered question—what would Lincoln do about issue
of slavery? Abolitionists argued war pointless if not to end slavery; many
white northerners opposed emancipation, or the freeing of slaves.
Resolving the Issue of Slavery
• Lincoln in difficult position; personally opposed to slavery,
he could not afford to lose northern support for the war
• Many white northerners would not risk lives for African
Americans
• Ending slavery was not a war aim; preserving the Union
was; Lincoln feared ending slavery might lead other states
to secede
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Fear of Consequences
Border States
Issue Still Raised
• There were still slave states in
the Union
• As Union troops pushed into
Confederate territory
thousands of contrabands
sought refuge with them
• Border states of Delaware,
Kentucky, Maryland, and
Missouri stayed in the Union
• Strategic militarily because of
their location between the
North and the Confederacy
• Union could not risk losing
these states
• At first the administration
supported returning
contrabands to slaveholders;
some commanders did so
• Actions infuriated abolitionists;
pointed out this was helping
the Confederacy
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Taking Action
Lincoln’s Plan
• Lincoln and his advisors decided
to take action against slavery
• Lincoln proposed compensated
emancipation in the border states
• Dilemma: Lincoln did not believe
he had constitutional power to end
slavery
• Border states to receive federal
funds in exchange for passing
laws to abolish slavery over time
Border States Refused
War Struggles
• These states loyal to Union, but
not ready to end slave system on
which economies based
• Union leaders convinced Lincoln
that ending slavery in the South
was important militarily
• All four border states rejected
Lincoln’s plan
• Confederacy would be crippled
without slave labor
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Lincoln’s Decision
Commander in Chief
Needed Victory
• Lincoln used constitutional
power as commander in chief
to end slavery in the areas that
were rebelling
• Lincoln waited for a Union
victory to announce full plan;
Chose Battle of Antietam in
September 1862
• Began forming new plan for
emancipation; first step was
April 1862, ending slavery in
the District of Columbia
• Once again Lincoln offered
compensated emancipation to
slaveholders in border states
• Soon after, Congress outlawed
slavery in all U.S. territories
• Also declared would free all
enslaved African Americans in
rebel areas of the South on
January 1, 1863
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Response to Lincoln’s Plan
Reaction to Lincoln’s announcement was mixed. Some abolitionists were
hopeful that it would deal a death blow to the institution of slavery. Others were
angry because the plan did not go far enough.
• Plan called for end to slavery in areas in rebellion and did not include border
states and parts of the Confederacy under Union control
• Other northerners opposed Lincoln’s plan
– As Lincoln feared, some white Union soldiers resigned rather than fight to
end slavery in the South
– Unskilled workers in North feared flood of black workers would increase
job competition; had rioted in Illinois earlier when former slaves were
hired to help harvest crops
• Many northerners rallied behind Lincoln’s plan; for them, freeing slaves would
help shorten the war
• Many Union soldiers in favor of destroying all that gave the enemy strength
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Lincoln Issues the Emancipation Proclamation
• Emancipation Proclamation issued January 1, 1863
• Groundbreaking order proclaimed all enslaved African
Americans in rebel areas to be emancipated, or free
• Many African Americans and abolitionists rejoiced as
news spread; a major step for ending slavery achieved
• Great emotional impact in the North; initially little effect
in the South
– Applied only to slaves in Confederate areas where Union had
no power to enforce order
– Effect on the South changed with Union advances; advancing
troops freed slaves they encountered, liberating thousands of
enslaved people each day
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Holt African American History
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Spreading the Word
Northern African Americans risked their lives to spread the word of freedom in
Confederate-held parts of the South. Upon learning the news, many slaves
put down their rakes and hoes and escaped to Union lines.
Weakened South
Great Britain
Stronger Union
• Confederate war
effort weakened
• Major cotton importer
considered aid to
Confederacy
• Union recruited black
soldiers after
Proclamation
• Abolitionism was
strong in Britain and
once ending slavery
made a war aim,
Britain no longer
willing to help South
• Black soldiers and
sailors played
important role in
Union victory
• Reduction in slave
labor force hurt
Confederate armies
and plantations
• Proclamation ended
any hope for foreign
support for the South
• Fought hard for
people’s freedom
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Enslaved African Americans
Profound Impact
Historical Value
• Emancipation Proclamation
very important to blacks in the
South
• Proclamation is key document
of American history; Lincoln
called it central act of his
administration and the great
event of 19th century
• Union troops freed millions of
African Americans from lives
of cruel labor
• In areas where the
proclamation did not apply,
many slaves decided they
were free as well and
courageously escaped
• Proclamation significant in
setting legal precedent for
African Americans
• Later in war Congress would
pass amendment to abolish
slavery across nation
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Holt African American History
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The Emancipation Proclamation’s Legacy
• Juneteenth commemorates June 19, 1865, the date
the proclamation was announced in Galveston, Texas
– Federal troops did not reach Texas to free slaves until the
Civil War was over
– In 1980 Juneteenth became a state holiday in Texas
– Not an official holiday elsewhere but is gaining in popularity
with large celebrations in Minneapolis and Milwaukee
• Juneteenth festivities include public speeches,
parades, rodeos, and picnics
• Many people gather with their families to rejoice in the
gains African Americans have made and to reflect on
future hopes
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Reading Check
Summarize
Whom did the Emancipation Proclamation free,
and how did African Americans react to it?
Answer(s):
It was a presidential order freeing all slaves in
areas at war with the Union. Many joyful
southern African Americans fled from slavery;
northern African Americans spread the word.