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The Opposing Sides
• Main Topics:
– Opposing sides of the war
– Financing and supplying the war
– Military technology
– Military strategies
• Do Now:
– Economics in History Activity (in packet)
– “The Pending Conflict” political cartoon pg. 226
• Homework:
– Finish Lesson 1 questions in your homework packet.
• Lincoln Calls out Militia
– Called for 75,000
militia for 90 day
service
– Most believed the war
would be short
• Southern states refused
• Southern states secede
rather than fight against
Southerners
• Robert E Lee chose to
lead
the CSA army instead of
the US Army
Virginia
April 17 1861
Arkansas
May 6 1861
Tennessee
May 7 1861
North Carolina
May 20 1861
Maryland was very
important to the
United States
Mason Dixon Line
Arrested all pro-southern
lawmakers
Maryland Legislature then
voted on whether to secede
Maryland voted to stay in
Union
Choosing Sides
The Confederacy
• The Confederacy had a large
number of trained officers to
lead its armies.
• The Confederacy suffered from
a lack of funds due to low trade
and revenue.
• European nations were in a
difficult position with the
Confederacy requesting
recognition as a nation and
financial assistance.
The Union
• The North had the majority of
the nation’s shipyards and all
the nation’s warships.
• The North controlled the
national treasury and issued
paper currency to pay
suppliers and troops.
• The United States urged
Europe to not interfere.
Rating the North & the South
Slave/Free States
Population, 1861
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & the
South
The Union & Confederacy in
1861
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Ohio Military Service
Soldiers’ Occupations:
North/South Combined
Immigrants
as a %
of a State’s
Population
in
1860
North vs South
Strengths
Union
Confederacy
• 22 million people
• 9 million people
• Most mineral, factory
and naval resources
• Had better and
experienced generals
• Abraham Lincoln
• Were on defensive
– convinced north of
need to fight to save
democracy and union
– shorter supply lines,
more motivation
(defending their homes)
The First Modern War
The Civil War involved huge armies made up mostly of
civilian volunteers who required vast quantities of supplies
and equipment.
•
Attrition played a major part in the war with the North
more easily able to replace soldiers and supplies.
• The strategy of the South was a defensive war of attrition to wear
down the North to the point of negotiation.
• The Anaconda Plan of the North involved blockading
Confederate ports and sending gunboats down the
Mississippi to divide the Confederacy.
North vs South
Strategy
Union
• Conquer south and return
them to Union
• Conquer South by
destroying economy
– capture Mississippi
river and blockade
coast
Confederacy
• Only needed to outlast north
• Avoid large battles and
hope north tire of fighting
• South withheld cotton from
world
– Hoped to force Britain
and France to ally with
CSA
• There was too much cotton
in 1861
– Europe didn’t need CSA
cotton
– CSA plan to get Europe
to join war failed
Anaconda Plan
• Winfield
Scott’s plan
to strangle
South with
blockade and
land
invasions
• Designed to
have a quick
war
Decisive Victory Strategy
Union
Confederacy
• Decisive Victory
needed to destroy
Confederate army
to win
• Decisive Victory
needed to ruin
north’s fighting
spirit and impress
Europeans to join
war
Resulted in large battles with high numbers
of casualties
The Early Stages
• Main Topics:
– Mobilizing Troops
– The Naval War
– War in the West
– War in the East
– Emancipation Proclamation
• Do Now:
– Textbook pgs. 230 and 231 do “Geography Connection”
questions in notebook.
• Homework:
– Finish “Emancipation Proclamation” Lesson questions
from class
Beginning of War
•North unprepared
-- no experience
with guns or horses
•South had been
preparing
•No standard
uniform – caused
confusion as to
who was fighting
Mobilizing the Troops
•
The Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run made it
clear that the North would need a large, well-trained
army to defeat the South.
• Initially, enlistment levels were high.
•
The South introduced conscription in April 1862 for all
white men between the ages of 18 and 35, excluding
teachers, government workers, and some planters.
• The North tried to increase enlistment by offering a
bonus to men who signed up for three years but by 1863
had introduced a national draft.
The Naval War
•
In the spring of 1862, the Union navy had sealed
off every major Southern harbor along the
Atlantic coast except for Charleston, South
Carolina, and Wilmington, North Carolina.
•
Confederate ships, built in Britain, worked out of
foreign ports to attack Northern merchant ships
at sea.
•
The Union took control of New Orleans, the
South’s largest city and a center of the cotton
trade, in late spring 1862.
Naval War
Union blockaded the South
As war continued blockade became more effective
USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia (Merrimack)
Both were iron clad ships
Battle was a draw
Union Generals
General
McClellan
Fired after
Antietam for
not pursuing
Lee
General
Burnside
General
Hooker
Fired after
Fired after
Fredericksburg
for losing to
Lee
Chancellorsville
for losing to
Lee
General Meade given
control of Union
Army
The War in the West
•
Union General Ulysses S. Grant took Kentucky and most
of western Tennessee which provided the Union with a
river route deep into the Confederacy.
•
Although initially surprised by the Confederates at the
Battle of Shiloh, Grant forced the Confederates to retreat
but more than twenty thousand troops were killed or
wounded.
• Union troops led by General Don Carlos Buell stopped
Confederate forces at the Battle of Perryville.
•
Confederate and Union troops met in an undecided
battle at Murfreesboro.
War in the East
•
After 30 days, Union general George B. McClellan was
able to capture Yorktown and move toward Virginia.
•
Robert E. Lee began a series of attacks on McClellan’s
army that became known as the Seven Days’ Battles,
which inflicted heavy casualties and encouraged Lee to
invade the North.
•
The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest one day battle
in American history and the Union victory kept Britain
from intervening for the Confederates.
•
After the victory at Antietam, Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all enslaved persons
in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863.
Emancipation Proclamation
Frees all slaves in REBELLING states
on January 1, 1863
Old South will be destroyed and
replaced with new values
Emancipation Proclamation
Why does Lincoln free slaves
in South not the North?
Freeing slaves in South
seen as military action
Can’t free slaves in north
because of Constitution
As Commander in Chief Government can’t take
(head of military)
property without due
Lincoln can take
process
military actions
Does Lincoln have authority to
make Emancipation
Proclamation?
No
• Confederates created
an independent nation
• Lincoln has no more
authority to pass laws
in the CSA than he does
to pass laws in Canada
Yes
• US is fighting an
internal civil war
– Lincoln keeps authority
over the south
• If it is a civil war
– European nations are not
allowed to join the war
– North should not
blockade the South
• Emancipation
Proclamation does
1 NOT abolish ALL
slavery in US
• Why Not?
– Maryland, Delaware,
Kentucky, Missouri
might secede
– Lincoln hoped
Confederate states
would stop fighting
and return to the
Union
Black Americans Join Up
• Emancipation Proclamation
also allows blacks into US
Army
• Fought under white
commanders and had
unequal pay and duties
• Used them for support work
• 54th Massachusetts – Glory
Did Lincoln Free the Slaves or
Did the Slaves Free Themselves?
• Watch Nat Geo video “The Emancipation
Strategy”
• Read “Background on Emancipation
Proclamation”
– So far, based on the movie and/or this
background, do you think that Lincoln freed
the slaves or that the slaves freed
themselves?
Did Lincoln Free the Slaves or
Did the Slaves Free Themselves?
• In Pairs, Read and complete the guided questions
and graphic organizer for Documents A and B.
• Discussion Questions:
– Did Lincoln free the slaves or did the slaves free
themselves?
– What are the arguments on either side?
– Why have some historians worked really hard to
prove that the slaves freed themselves?
– Why does it matter whether or not Lincoln was truly
bothered by slavery, as Douglass claims?
The Wartime Economies
The South
•
The collapse of the
transportation system, the
blockade of Southern
ports, and Union troops in
farming regions led to
food shortages and
inflation in the South.
•
The South experienced
angry mobs over food
shortages while the North
experienced draft riots.
The North
• The North experienced
an economic boom as its
industries supplied
necessities to the troops
and farming became
more mechanized,
requiring fewer workers.
African Americans in the
Military
•
The Emancipation Proclamation officially
permitted African Americans to enlist in the
Union army and navy.
•
About 180,000 African Americans served in the
Union army and as many as 18,000 African
Americans served in the Union navy.
•
One of the first African American regiments
officially organized in the North was the 54th
Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.
Military Life
•
The Union and Confederate soldiers suffered many
hardships during the long periods between battles.
•
Unsanitary conditions and disease killed large numbers
of men due to the crowded living conditions while
doctors struggled to care for the large amount of
wounded soldiers.
•
Women took on many of the nursing tasks in army
hospitals and the battlefield.
•
After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Confederacy
announced that it would not exchange freed African
Americans for Southern white prisoners but re-enslave
or execute all African American troops captured in battle.
Women in the War
Women joined to cook and take care of men
Women passed as men to fight in the war
Women served as nurses
Worked farms and businesses at home
Clara Barton
Served as a nurse during war
Created aid society to support soldiers
Elizabeth Blackwell
Created Soldiers Aid Society: Inspected health
conditions of hospitals in war
The Turning Point
• Key Topics:
– Vicksburg Falls
– The Battle of Gettysburg
– Battle for Tennessee
• Homework:
– Read Lesson 5 pg. 242 and complete the
questions in your homework packet.
• Union losses decrease the
North’s will to fight
• North cannot get enough
volunteers for it’s army
• Congress implements a draft
Draft Riots in NY
• northerners opposed to being
forced into fighting
– Copperheads
– Northern Democrats who
want peace with South
Vicksburg Falls
•
Vicksburg was necessary for the Union to have control of
the Mississippi River south of Memphis.
•
Grant ordered Colonel Benjamin Grierson to go on a raid
across Mississippi to distract Confederate forces while
he moved into position.
•
After multiple battles, Confederate forces were forced
back into their defenses within Vicksburg.
• Grant laid siege to the city and after six weeks, the
Confederate forces surrendered.
Battle of Vicksburg
• Union wanted to divide South at
Mississippi River
• Union had total control except
Vicksburg MS and New Orleans
• Grant wins and gets complete
control of Mississippi for Union
Summer 1863 Lee goes north again
--- Out of supplies
--- Wanted to force peace
The Road to Gettysburg
•
Bolstered by the recent Confederate victories, Lee
decided to invade the North again and the Confederates
succeeded in pushing the Union troops into the hills to
the south of Gettysburg.
• The Union forces controlled the high ground and as
Confederate forces marched across open farmland,
Union artillery ripped through the Confederate line
causing a loss of over one-third of the Confederate
forces.
•
The Union’s victory at Gettysburg strengthened the
Republicans politically and ensured that Britain would
not recognize the Confederacy.
Heth
Confederates attack
Buford’s Cavalry at
Cemetery Hill near
Gettysburg
Buford
Pender
Pickett’s Charge
15,000 Confederate soldiers attack
Union positions
Confederates make it to Ridge, but
are driven back
Gettysburg marks the “high water” point of the Confederacy
Gettysburg is the turning point of the Civil War
Confederates never go on the offensive again
Meade does not pursue Lee
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln gives speech at dedication of a
military cemetery in Gettysburg
States that the Union is fighting to save
democracy for the World
Gettysburg Address
“It is … for us to be here dedicated to
the great task remaining before us …
that we here highly resolve that these
dead shall not have died in vain --- that
this nation, under God, shall have a new
birth of freedom --- and that government
of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth”
Battle for Tennessee
•
If the Union forces captured Chattanooga they would
control a major railroad running south to Atlanta.
•
After forcing Confederate forces out of Chattanooga,
Union forces were unable to advance into Georgia and
were pushed back into Chattanooga and surrounded.
•
General Grant, upon arrival to lead Union forces in
Chattanooga, ordered a northern attack and a
diversionary frontal attack on Missionary Ridge which
resulted in a Union victory.
•
Grants success in Chattanooga won him the role of
commander in chief of the Union forces.
The War Ends
• Topics:
– Grant vs. Lee
– The Union Advances
– The South Surrenders
• Do Now:
– “Geography Connection” pg. 243
– “Casualties of the Civil War” pg. 245
• Homework:
– Chapter 10 Lesson 1 pg. 250
Grant vs. Lee
• Ulysses S. Grant put William Tecumseh Sherman in
charge of operations in the West and headed toward
Washington D.C. to take command of Union troops
against Robert E. Lee.
• Grant’s troops sustained heavy casualties
following his attacks on Confederate forces near
Fredericksburg, Virginia, Spotsylvania, and Cold
Harbor.
• Grant sent General Philip Sheridan to stage
cavalry raids north and west of Richmond while he
moved into position around Petersburg.
• Grant realized the city was heavily defended by
the Confederates and chose to lay siege to the
city rather than attack.
The Union Advances
•
Admiral Farragut took control of Mobile Bay from the
Confederates which prevented blockade runners from
moving goods using any port east of Texas.
•
General Sherman ordered all civilians to leave Atlanta
and had his troops destroy everything of military value.
•
The fires set in Atlanta quickly spread to other structures,
destroying large portions of the city.
• Sherman began his March to the Sea through Georgia
before turning north and heading into South Carolina, his
troops pillaging and burning many towns along the way.
Total War
• Sherman’s March to the Sea
– Begins September 1864
– Sherman led his army from Tennessee to
Atlanta
• Destroy not only army of enemy but
homes, factories, farms
– wanted to destroy the will of the
people to fight
•
Sherman used total war on his
march to the sea
• “We are not only fighting hostile
armies, but a hostile people, and
must make old and young, rich and
poor, feel the hard hand of war.”
The South Surrenders
• After the capture of Atlanta, Lincoln easily won reelection.
• The Thirteenth Amendment, banning slavery in the United States,
passed the House of Representatives and was sent to the states for
ratification.
• Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9,
1865.
• Five days after Lee’s surrender, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s
Theatre.
• The North’s victory strengthened the power of the federal
government over the states, ended the enslavement of millions of
African Americans, and left the South socially and economically
devastated.
• Lee becomes surrounded in Virginia
•
Decides to surrender to Grant on April 9
1865
Appomattox Courthouse
• Grant accepts Lee’s surrender
•
Terms are generous
– soldiers kept homes, horses, land
and were given food
Assassination of
Lincoln
• John Wilkes Booth
assassinated Lincoln at Fords
theater in Washington DC
• Booth was captured and killed
•
•
Lincoln died on April 15, 1865
First President to be
assassinated
• People who helped Booth
escape were executed
Results of the Civil War
Slaves were freed
Casualties of the War
Nation is more important than
States
People start identifying
themselves as American
Manufacturing and Industrial industries
expanded during and after the war
Results of the Civil War
Income tax
created to pay
for war
Land for
Homesteads
in West
Transcontinental Railroads
Federal Government
grew in size and power
State Universities were created