Transcript Civil_War_Presentationx

I can
• Describe how President Buchanan viewed the
slavery issue
• Describe the Supreme Court Case Dred Scott v.
Sandford
• Analyze the impact of the Supreme Court Case Dred
Scott v. Sandford
• Describe the election of 1858
• Explain the impact of Harpers Ferry
President Buchanan
• Inaugurated March 1857, man of compromise
• Deep divisions existed in the country over the issue
of slavery
• Referred to the Race Problem as a problem of the
past
– Claimed that America’s belief in democracy and
compromise had won
• Anticipated the decision of the Supreme Court on
Dred Scott v. Sandford would end the race issue
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
• Background
– Dred Scott
• Slave held by John Emerson and Army surgeon from Missouri
• Scott accompanied Emerson to many Army posts in the free
states of Illinois and Wisconsin Territory
• Missouri Courts had granted freedom to slaves that had lived
in free territory after their owner died
• 1846 Emerson died
• Scott sues for his freedom
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
• Supreme Court Case
• Chief Justice Roger Taney wrote the majority opinion
– Scott was not a citizen so he could not bring suit in a US
Court
– Called African Americans “beings of an inferior order”
– “No rights which the white man was bound to respect”
– No African American Slave or Free could EVER enjoy the
rights of a US citizen
– Federal Government had no authority to limit the expansion
of slavery
• Missouri Compromise violated the 5th Amendment and was
unconstitutional
• Forbids the government to deny anyone’s right to property without
“due process of law”, slaves are property
Question
• What did the Kansas Nebraska Act and the Dred
Scott decision have in common?
– Spread slavery
– Increased tensions between the North and the South
Congressional Election 1858 Candidates
• Abraham Lincoln
– Illinois
– Republican
– Served 1 term in the House of Representatives
– Returned to Springfield, Illinois to practice law
– Outraged by the Kansas Nebraska Act
– Outraged by Dred Scott decision
– Viewed slavery as a “moral, social, and political wrong”
– “A house divided against itself cannot stand” Bible
– “I believe this government cannot endure permanently
half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be
dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do
expect it will cease to be divided”
Congressional Election 1858 Candidates
• Stephen Douglas
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Democrat
Incumbent
Lawyer
Author Kansas Nebraska Act, supported Popular Sovereignty Plan
• Opposed Lecompton Constitution
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Illinois Supreme Court for 7 years
1843 elected US House of Representatives
Known as “Little Giant” powerful speaker
1846 elected US Senate
Freeport Doctrine
• Defense of Popular Sovereignty
• People had the right to have or exclude slavery not the courts
• People could pass laws preventing or allowing slavery
• Defeated Lincoln in the election of 1858
John Brown – Harpers Ferry
• Leader Pottawatomie Massacre
• Oct 16, 1859 attacked Harpers Ferry
– Obtained money and support from New Englanders
– Armed 20 men including 5 African Americans
– Took over the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA
• Wanted to arm slaves and free blacks
• Wanted them to help free other slaves
• Established independent state in the Appalachian Mountains
– Took over the armory easily
– No slaves came to get weapons
Harpers Ferry
• Mid Oct 1859 COL Robert E. Lee assaulted Brown’s
position
– Brown’s party, 10 KIA, 10 POW
– December 2, 1859 Brown was convicted of “murder, criminal
conspiracy and treason against the Commonwealth of
Virginia” and was hanged
• 6 of his followers were also executed
• African American James Copeland wrote to his parents as he faced
death that he had no regrets
– “Remember that if I must die I die in trying to liberate a few of my poor
and oppressed people from my condition of servitude… I imagine that I
hear you, and all of you, mother, father, sister, and brothers, say – “No,
there is not a cause for which we, with less sorrow, could see you die”
• North viewed those who died as martyr’s or “angel’s of light”
• South viewed them as bloodthirsty fanatics
– “The north has sanctioned and applauded theft, murder, treason… and has
shed Southern blood on Southern soil! There is – there can be no peace”!
Tension Increase
• Tensions increased around the country due to John
Brown and even in Congress
– Senator James Hammond of South Carolina noted that
“The only persons who do not have a revolver and a
knife are those who have two revolvers”
I can
• Describe the election of 1860
• Evaluate the impact of the election of 1860 on the
country
• Define succession
• Explain how both the north and south responded to
succession
• Analyze why to Confederacy was created
• Describe the Crittenden Compromise
• Evaluate the impact of President Lincoln rejecting
the Crittenden Compromise
• Describe the battle of Fort Sumter
Election 1860 -Candidates
• John Bell
– Constitutional Union Party
• Southern Moderates
– Tennessee
• Democratic Party had to hold two conventions to decide on a nominee
• Stephen Douglas
– Democrat
• John Brekinridge
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Democrat
Vice President
Preferred by Southerners
Interpreted Dred Scott case as Congress has a duty to protect slavery
• Abraham Lincoln
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Republican Party
Attracted north industrialists and wage earners along with Midwest farmers
Did not campaign in the south
Anti-slavery
Won
Election 1860
• Brekinridge won all of the lower south
• Bell upper south
• Douglas
– Second in popular
vote
– Won only Missouri
and New Jersey
• Lincoln
– All northern states and Oregon and California
– 40% popular vote
– Landslide electoral college 180 votes
Secession
• Days after the election South Carolina legislature called
a convention and voted unanimously to leave the
union
• Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Texas followed soon after
• 1861 delegates from 6 of the 7 states met in
Montgomery, Alabama and drafted the constitution of
the Confederate States of America
– Resembled United States Constitution
– 2 Differences
• Guaranteed the right to own slaves
• Each state “Sovereign and independent”
– Jefferson Davis became President of the Confederacy
Secession
• President Buchanan announced that no state had
the right to secede, but that the government had no
power to hold a state against its will
• South justified position by the Doctrine of State’s
Rights
– Since individual states had come together to join a union
they had the power to leave a union
• North
– By ratifying Constitution the state agreed to recognize it
as the supreme law of the land
– There can be no nation if a state can withdraw whenever
it disagrees with the government
President Lincoln takes office
• Called special session of Congress and argued that
the south must accept the election
• “When ballots have fairly, and constitutionally,
decided… there can be no successful appeal back
to bullets”
• Inaugural address insisted that the southern
secession was unconstitutional “No state upon its
own mere motion can lawfully get out of the union”
– Wanted to hold the union together
Crittenden Compromise
• Senator John J. Crittenden
– Kentucky
– Proposed December 1860
– Called for a new line similar to Missouri Compromise to
be drawn through remaining territories
– Called for the protection of slavery where it already
exists
– President Lincoln rejected plan
• However supported protecting slavery wherever it already
existed
Civil War Begins
• Confederacy immediately took over many federal forts,
mints, and arsenals in the south after the secession
• Fort Sumter
– Located strategically in the harbor Charleston, South Carolina
• South needed it to control the city
– Commanded by Major Robert Anderson
• Sent word to President Lincoln that he needed supplies
• North did not want to lose this fort
– Would show that President Lincoln would not protect federal property in
the seceded states
– 8 slave states remained in the union threatened to leave if President
Lincoln used force against the Confederacy
– Lincoln decided to re-supply Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
Battle of Fort Sumter
• 6 APR 1861 President Lincoln sent a message to South
Carolina Governor F. W. Pickens that unarmed supply
ships were heading to the fort not to attack them
• Governor Pickens told his commander General
Beauregard
• General Beauregard ordered the federal troops to leave
the fort
• 4:30 AM 12 APR General Beauregard attacked with
artillery
– 34 hours of straight artillery
• 13 APR MAJ Anderson surrendered
• Nobody was killed
Results Fort Sumter
• 15 APR President Lincoln announced the rebellion “too
powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of
judicial proceeding”
– Called for the states to provide 75,000 Soldiers to put down
the uprising
– Recruits were to serve just 3 months
• Result 4 more states seceded
– Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia
• Four Slave states remained
– Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri
• Federal troops used to secure Maryland essential surrounded Capital
Washington
• Mountain men in Virginia remained loyal to union
– Formed own state West Virginia
» Slavery legal
I can
• Analyze the concept of civil war
• Describe the First Battle of Bull Run
• Explain the Anaconda Plan and north’s three part
strategy of fighting the war
• Explain the south’s strategy of fighting the war
• Compare the northern and southern strategies and
armies
• Compare the role that women played in the north and
south during the Civil War
• Analyze the anti-war movement
• Describe the creation of the draft in the north and the
south
Discussion
• What is a Civil War?
– War inside a country
• What causes Civil Wars in the world?
– Genocide
– Hatred
– Deep disagreements
– Deep religious divisions
– Deep cultural barriers
• Why is Civil War more destructive than regular war?
– Entire war is fought in the country
– Families fight each other
– All casualties are part of the population
Nation Divided
• Brothers on opposite sides
• Families split
• Senator John Crittenden
– 1 Son Union General
– 1 son Confederate General
North
• Population Advantage
• Controlled 85% of industry and material resources
– Most southern wealth was land and slaves
• Railroads north
– Easy to move troops
• Navy remained loyal to Union
– Southern naval officers fought
for the north
• David Farragut
• Percival Drayton
South
• Defensive War, did not have to win just tire the North
• North needed to conquer 750,000 square miles
• Excellent military leaders
– Robert Lee
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Virginia
Opposed slavery
Opposed succession
Would not fight his family
West Point
Mexican War
Asked to be union commander, declined
“With all my devotion to the Union and the feeling of loyalty and duty of
an American citizen, I have not been able to make up my mind to raise my
hand against my relatives, my children, my home. I have therefore
resigned my commission in the Army, and save in defense of my native
State – with the sincere hope that my poor service may never be needed
– I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword”
Armies
• Union
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Army 2,672,341
Navy Marines 105,963
Indians 3,530
African Americans
180,000
– Total 2,961,834
• Confederacy
– Army 750,000
– Indians 5,500
– Total 755,500
First Battle of Bull Run
• Called Battle of Manassas by South
• 21 JUL 1861
• President Lincoln ordered General Irvin McDowell and 35,000 poorly
trained troops to take Richmond, VA
• 35,000 Confederate troops met them at Manassas Junction railroad crossing
30 miles outside of Washington
• Confederates commanded by General Joseph Johnston
– Dug-in high ground behind Bull Run
• Union was winning started to push through the Confederate left flank
• Stopped by General Thomas Stonewall Jackson
• General Jackson counterattacked
– Yelling “who-who-ey!”
– Called Rebel Yell
– Scared the union Soldiers Retreated
• Confederate Victory
– Both sides realized it would be a long war
North
• President Lincoln appoints General George B
McClellan Commander of Union Forces
• Primary goal restore the union
• 3 Part Strategy
– Capture Richmond, Confederate capital
– Gain control of Mississippi River
– Anaconda Plan
• Naval Blockade of South
• Slowly squeeze life out of the south
• South depended on foreign markets to sell cotton France,
Britain
North Strategy
• 2 Theaters
– Eastern
• East of Appalachian Mountains
– Western
• Between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River
• Control of Mississippi River important would allow the north to
penetrate the deep south
• Prevent South from using waterway to move and re-supply its
force
South
• President Jefferson Davis appoints General Joseph
Johnston commander of the Army of Confederate
Army with General Robert Lee as his advisor
• Defense
• Occupy Washington
• Offensive strike northward through Shenandoah
Valley into Maryland and Pennsylvania
– Would destroy northern moral
– Win European Support (France, Britain)
Both Armies
• Shortages
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Clothing
Food
Rifles
No uniforms at beginning
• Regular cloths
• Who is on what side?
• Neighbors fighting!
– North
• Blue
– South
• Gray
• Lacked
– Shoes
– Coats
• Camps
• Unsanitary
• Disease
• Influenza
• Pneumonia
• Typhoid
• Little food
• Medical Care
• Surgery
• No pain killers
• Often people died infection
• Death causes
• 65% of soldiers died from
• Disease
• Infection
• Malnutrition
Both Armies
• Prisons
– Overcrowded
– No shelter
– Little Food
– Death rate 100 per day
– 25% of prisoners died
Women - North
• North
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100,000 jobs
Factory Workers
Farmers
Arsenals
Sewing Rooms
Clerks in Treasury Department
• Governments first female workers
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Bankers
Morticians
Saloon Keepers
Steamboat Captains
Ladies Aid Societies
• Made bandages
• Bedclothes
• Shirts for Soldiers
Women - North
• Freedman’s Aid Commission
– Hundred of teacher educated African Americans
• Locally
– Established homes for wounded Soldiers
– Orphanages children
• Spies
– Mary Elizabeth Bowser
– Worked as maid to President Davis
• Nurses
– Elizabeth Blackwell
• 1st Female Doctor
• Founded US Sanitary Commission
– Battle disease and infections that killed 2x more Soldiers than bullets
– Clara Barton
• Nurse
• After war created American Red Cross
• Disguised as men served
Women - South
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Parades
Barbecues
Urged men to join military
Spies
– Rose O’Neal Greenhow
• Imprisoned
• Disguised Female Soldiers
– Loreta Janeta Velazquez
• Discovered kicked out
• Became a spies
• Nurses
– Sally Louisa Tompkins
• Only Female Officially in Confederate Army
• Made Captain, founded a hospital in Richmond, VA
• Nurse
Opposition to War
• North
– Cost too much money
– Costs too many lives
• South
– No real opposition movement
North – Draft Created
• Militia Act 1862
– State had to meet quota for volunteers or was subject to draft
• Enrollment Act 1863
– State quota
– State did not meet quota draft
• 20 to 45 years old
• $300 avoid draft
– Find a substitute to avoid draft
• Opposition to draft
– Caused violence in New York
– Forced white working class men to fight for freedom of blacks who
they thought would take their jobs
– Whites attacked black neighborhoods
• Killed blacks
• Looted
• Burned buildings
North – Rights in Wartime
• Copperheads
– Southern sympathizers
– Anti-war activities limited to speeches and newspaper
articles
• President Lincoln suspended some civil liberties
– Constitution right of habeas corpus
• Protection against unlawful imprisonment
• Thousands of copperheads and opponents of the war arrested
and held without trial
South - Draft
• Conscription
– 1862
– First Draft in American History
– Placed burden of the war on poor farmers and working
people
– Exemptions
• Large plantation owners who had led the Confederacy into war
• Rich mans war poor mans fight
– Southerners believed draft violated states rights and
freedom
• Allowed Soldiers to pay farmers prices below market
value for food, animals and property
– Angered small farmers
– Food Shortage
– Riots Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina
I can
• Describe the early stages of the Civil War, Battle of
Shiloh, Battle of New Orleans and the Eastern
Campaigns
Early War
• 1862 Confederacy won most major battles in the
East
• Union 4 Generals in 1 year
• War in the West
– North
• General Ulysses S. Grant
– West Theater Commander
• Feb 1862 captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
– Gave union control of Kentucky and Tennessee
Battle of Shiloh
• Spring 1862, Grant headed toward Mississippi
– His men rested in a small log church named Shiloh and waited for
reinforcements
• Confederate Generals Johnston and Beauregard nearby in Corinth,
Mississippi
• Grant did not expect an attack
• 6 APR1862 thousands of Confederate troops surprised Grant
• Confederates pushed Grant back to Tennessee River
• Confederate commanders planned to finish him in the morning
• Grant attacked first
– Sunrise 7 April
• Afternoon General Beauregard gave retreat
– Union KIA 13,000
– Confederacy KIA 10,000 including General Johnston
– Union army too weak to purse the confederates
• Result victory gave north control of upper Mississippi
Battle of Shiloh
Battle of New Orleans
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New Orleans largest city in south
Critical
April 1862
David Farragut (Navy CDR)
– Attacked 2 forts guarding approach to New Orleans from Gulf of Mexico
– Shelled forts for 6 days
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Unsuccessful
– 24 April, decided to try and sail past them at night
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Confederate forces
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Opened fire
Launched artillery
Pushed rafts on fire toward ships
200 KIA Union
4 ships killed
13 made it
Union
– 29 APR
– City forced to surrender
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Results
– Control of Mississippi
– Link-up union forces
– Denied south
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Supply
Took largest city
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South moral down
Eastern Campaigns – North
• General McClellan
– Very Cautious
– Afraid
– Men well trained
– Plan to take Richmond
• Peninsula Campaign
– Transport
» 100,000 men
» 300 cannons
» 25,000 animals
» All by water to peninsula between York and James Rivers
– Hit Richmond from southeast
Eastern Campaign – North – continued
• April 1862
– General McClellan arrived in Yorktown, VA
– President Lincoln told General McClellan to attack
– General McClellan refused
• Thought he was outnumbered
• Was not
– Confederacy
• General Magruder
– 13,000 troops
• General Johnston moved his troops to peninsula
• General Magruder held Yorktown until beginning of May
• General Johnston moved back to Richmond
– General McClellan followed General Johnston
Eastern Campaign - continued
• 31 May 1862 Battle of Seven Pines
– General Johnston WIA
– General Lee took over, pulled back
• Confederate Army almost destroyed
• General McClellan waited
• General Lee attacked
– 25 JUN – 1 JUL
– Union KIA 16,000
– Confederate KIA – 20,000
– South victorious
– General McClellan retreated
Eastern Campaign - Results
• President Lincoln removed General McClellan
• General Pope new union commander
• Second Battle Bull Run
– General Pope was defeated by General Lee
• President Lincoln fired General Pope
• General McClellan in command of union again
I can
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Describe the Battle of Antietam
Analyze the impact of the Battle of Antietam
Analyze the Emancipation Proclamation
Describe the role of African Americans in the
northern army
Battle of Antietam
• Sep 1862 General Lee crossed Potomac River into Maryland
55,000 men
• General Lee 5,000 KIA due to exhaustion and hunger
• Union lost track of General Lee Forces
• 2 Union Soldiers found Intel. on General Lee’s plan around a
discarded pack of cigars
• General McClellan planned defense
– 75,000 Troops
– Antietam Creek Maryland
– Bloodiest single day battle in US History
• Confederates KIA 13,000
• Union 12,000
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General McClellan failed to pursue Confederates into VA
General McClellan fired
Result South lost any hope of British support
Result President Lincoln big victory able to give Emancipation
Proclamation
Antietam - results
• After Antietam General McClellan fired for letting
Lee escape
• General Burnside replaced as commander
• African American Armed Services Act 1862
– Authorized blacks to join military
Emancipation Proclamation
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Issued 22 Sep 1862
Went into effect 1 Jan 1863
President Lincoln goal unite union, not free all slaves
“My paramount object in the struggle is to save the
Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery”
• Free slaves only in Confederate States
– All territories rebelling against US
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Lacked Constitutional Authority to end slavery
Emancipation Proclamation issued as military order
Did not end slavery in states that were part on union
Wanted slaves to revolt
Wanted blacks to join union army
Wanted south to take financial hit
African American - North
• 54th Massachusetts Infantry
• Key role in Battle of Charleston Harbor
– BG Seymour
• 6,000 troops frontal assault Fort Wagner
– Entrance to Charleston Harbor
– 54th Infantry led
» First major role of a black unit
» Heavy losses
» Led by COL Shaw JUL 18
» Took fort
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Inequality of pay for black and white Soldiers
Congress finally equalized pay scale JUN 1864
Black units commanded by White Officers
100 African American commissioned as junior officers
1865 Martin Delaney first African American promoted to Major
180,000 African Americans served
32,000 KIA
20+ Congressional Medal of Honor
I can
• Describe the battles of Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville and Gettysburg
• Analyze the Gettysburg Address
Fredericksburg
• General Burnside
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11-12 DEC 1862 moved toward Fredericksburg
114,000 Union troops
Crossed Rappahannock (rap-a-han-unk) River near Fredericksburg, VA
Was in range of General Lee’s Artillery, however he did not know it
• General Lee
– 75,000 troops
– Controlled hills above town
– Did not fire
• General Burnside
– 13 DEC Decided to try a frontal assault across field leading into town
– Did not want to look reluctant like General McClellan
• General Lee
– Took advantage of high ground
– Picked off Burnsides men
• Slaughter
– Union 12,000 KIA
– Confederacy 5,000 KIA
• General Burnside Fired
• General Joseph Hooker “Fighting Joe” took Command
Chancellorsville
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General Hooker
– 134,000 troops
– New strategy , break Eastern Army in 3 parts
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Cut off supply lines
Attack on both flanks
– 30 April 1863 positioned his men in the deep forest near Chancellorsville
– Outnumbered Confederacy 2 to 1
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General Lee
– Also divided troops
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Left many camp fires burning in Fredericksburg to make Hooker think his army was still there
Sent General Jackson and 30,000 through wilderness to outflank Hooker
Hooker and Jackson’s forces fought outside of Fredericksburg
– Hooker retreated to build a defense
– Jackson did not attack
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Hooker got Intel that Jackson was moving through the woods
– Thought he was retreating
– In reality Lee had divided his army again to attack the Union right flank
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General Lee and Jackson attack union from 2 sides
– Fighting temporarily stopped at night
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General Stonewall Jackson left to scout the union position killed by fratricide on his way back
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Hit in the arm by 2 bullets and had his arm amputated
Died of infection 8 days later
General Stuart took command of Jackson’s army and attacked again in the morning
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General Hooker retreated
Gettysburg
• General Lee
– Very confident after victory at Chancellorsville
– Decided to invade the North
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Too much of the south was being destroyed
Overconfident about victory
Needed to seize supplies for his army
Thought a big victory in the north would end the war
– JUN 1863 moved into PA with 75,000 troops
• President Lincoln ordered General Hooker to attack
– General Hooker thought he was outnumbered
– General Hooker Fired
– General Meade took command
Gettysburg
• JUN General Lee arrived outside of Gettysburg
• Scouts found large amount of shoes in Gettysburg
• General Lee sent a unit into the town
– Did not know 2 Union Brigades were in the hills northwest of Gettysburg
• Day 1 of the battle begins
– Union opens fire on confederates
– Confederates push Union back to Cemetery Hill and Cemetery Ridge
– Confederates take control of Seminary Ridge
• Small ridgeline
– Several hundreds of yards of fields between the ridges
• Day 2
– General Lee orders General Longstreet to attack the union left flank
• Longstreet delays attack until 4pm because he was not ready
• General Meade (N) brings up reinforcements
– Both Armies realize that Little Round Top is not occupied
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Col. Chamberlain (N) takes little Round Top with 350 Soldiers from Maine
Longstreet and Alabama Soldiers tried to the hill
Col. Chamberlain runs out of ammunition then orders a bayonet charge
South retreats
Gettysburg
Gettysburg
Gettysburg
• Day 3
– Confederates attack the north of the Union line, unsuccessful
– General Lee prepares to sends General Picket on a frontal assault
on Cemetery Ridge
• South begins firing artillery, north thinks south might be retreating
• Union artillery stops firing to save ammunition
– General Lee thinks the union artillery is destroyed
• Orders Pickett’s Charge, frontal assault on the Union line
• Northern artillery begins to fire
• ½ Confederate Soldiers Survive
video
– General Lee retreats
– General Meade does not follow due to bad weather
• Union again could have won the war but failed to
counterattack
• Bloodiest battle of the war
– Union 23,000 KIA
– Confederacy 20,000 KIA
Gettysburg Address
• 19 NOV 1863
• President Lincoln dedicated a cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield
• Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new
nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of
that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
• But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not
hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little
note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work
which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to
be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the
last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall
not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of
freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people,
shall not perish from the earth.
I can
• Describe how the war changed in both the eastern
and western theaters
• Analyze the impact of the Battle of Petersburg
• Describe General Sherman’s concept of Total War
• Analyze the impact of total war on the nation
• Analyze how the war effected the election of 1863
• List the south’s terms of surrender
• Evaluate whether or not the purpose of the Civil
War was achieved
Western Theater
• Vicksburg was key to controlling Mississippi River
– Town had high ground on both sides of the river
– Could attack elements on the river using artillery
• Battle of Jackson
– Town nearby Vicksburg
– General Grant Victorious
• Siege of Vicksburg
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6 weeks bombarded town
Prevented them from getting supplies
Confederates forced to eat rats and mules
Late June Confederates sent a letter to their commander
begging him to surrender
– 3 JUL 1863 General Grant met General Pemberton and
Confederates surrendered next day
Western Theater
• Battle of Port Hudson, Louisiana
– 8 JUL
– Union Victory
• Union now controlled the entire Mississippi cutting
Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas off from the rest of
the Confederacy
• General Grant becomes commander of Union Army
Eastern Theater
• General Grant tells President Lincoln he will take Richmond
• War of attrition
– Attack and Attack and Attack
– Keep fighting until the south is out of men and supplies
• May 1864 General Grant starts toward Richmond 122,000 troops
• Contact Chancellorsville, VA
– 66,000 confederates against 122,000 Union
– 18,000 Union KIA
– 10,000 Confederate KIA
• Union Pushed on
• Spotsylvania Court House, VA
– 10-19 May many small battles
– Heavy union losses continue
– Southern remarked, “We have met a man this time, who either does not
know when he is whipped, or who cares not if he loses his whole army”
Petersburg
• General Grant attacked Petersburg, VA
– Tried to capture railroad to cut off supplies to Richmond
– General Grant started to get discouraged
• Since beginning of campaign union suffered 60,000 KIA
– Decided to lay siege to Petersburg instead of direct
attack
General Sherman – Western Theater
• General Sherman put in-charge of Tennessee Army
– Campaign of destruction
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Destroyed Railroads
Destroyed Farms
Destroyed Crops
Burned Cities
Killed animals
Not enough to wage war against enemy troops must strike at enemy’s
economic resources
• General Sherman, “We must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the
hard hand of war… We cannot change the hearts of those people of the
South but we can make war so terrible… that generations would pass away
before they would again appeal to it”
– Moved toward Atlanta
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On the way Defeated General Johnston
Defeated General Hood
Atlanta fell 2 Sep 1864
General Sherman ordered occupants out
Burned city
General Sherman – Total War
Election 1863
• Election of 1863
– President Lincoln (R)
– General McClellan (D)
– Victory over Atlanta helped Lincoln win election
General Sherman – Western Theater
• General Sherman Continued
– Took Savannah, GA
– Wave of destruction
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General Sherman moved north toward Richmond
General Grant already attacking Richmond
2 April 1865 General Lee withdrew from city
Union Captured Richmond
Surrender
• General Lee
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Force destroyed
Only 30,000 men left
Short on food
Attempted to move west
• General Grant cut off General Lee’s escape
• 9 April 1865
– General Lee surrender to General Grant at Appomattox
Courthouse
– Terms of surrender
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Officers could keep side arms
All men would be fed
All men could keep their horses and mules
No men would be tried for treason
Surrender
• 26 April 1865
– General Johnston surrendered to General Sherman at
Durham Station, North Carolina
– War was over
Discussion
• What was the purpose of the Civil War?
• Did the war accomplish its purpose?
• Does war ever really accomplish its purpose or is it
a means to accomplish a purpose?
• When should war be used?