Transcript Unit 4 - Marana Unified School District





King Cotton
States’ rights
Nullification
Abolition Movement
2

The Industrial Revolution
spread to the New England
states in the early 1800s
› Originally employing ‘mill
girls’ in textile factories
› Would quickly grow,
expand, and affect other
industries
3

The Growth of Industry was
accompanied by
improvements in
transportation and
communication
› The Erie Canal
› Steamboats
› Railroads
› Telegraph
4

Trade and industry in
the North led to the
growth of cities
(urbanization)
› Between 1820 and
1850 the population
living in cities doubled
› Would create a
different lifestyle, as
well as problems
5
6

The South was a
completely
agricultural economy

In the North
manufacturing and
trade was the base for
economy

Trade and industry in
the North led to the
growth of cities
(urbanization)
› Northern business
relied on technology
and efficiency

South relied on slave
labor, remained very
rural
• The North and South were very different socially
as well
North
 More Northerners lived
in cities
› Tenements


Worked for wages
The North valued
change, progress, and
diversity

North saw slavery as
an evil
South
 Lived in rural, spread
out communities
 Made much of what
they needed
 The South valued
tradition

South saw slavery as
vital to their way of life
Who? – Who was involved?
 When? – When did it happen?
 Where? – Where did it happen?
 What? – What happened?
_________________________________________
 Why? – Why did it happen?

10

In 1816 Congress passed a tariff (tax on
imports) on British manufactured goods,
and increased the tariff in 1824 and 1828
Industrialists in the North supported this
tariff, but Southerners were very much
against it.
 Why?


Many Southerners
believed states could
nullify, or reject, laws
passed by congress
› John C. Calhoun
› Supported States’ Rights
› Especially if they thought it
was unconstitutional or
hurt the state
› This is called Nullification
Theory

When congress passed a tariff in 1832,
South Carolina declared it ‘null and void’
› They threatened to ‘secede,’ or withdraw,
from the Union
› This event is known as the ‘Nullification Crisis’

The Nullification Crisis was eventually
resolved by Henry Clay, but the issue over
States’ Rights would continue to divide the
nation
Unit 4 vocab
 Handout: Sectionalism
 Unit 4 notes
 Reading: Land of Cotton Q&A
 Story of Us: Division video questions

14
Explain the economic differences
between the North and the South.
Provide examples.
2. Why were improvements in
transportation so essential for the North?
What were two examples of these
improvements?
3. Describe the relationship between
cotton and slavery in the South
1.
15

What is a social movement?

What is the purpose of a social
movement?

How do social movement’s create
change?
16

The Abolition Movement was a social
movement with the purpose of ending
slavery in the U.S.
› Supporters are called ‘abolitionists’
› Largest movements of the 1830s – 1850s
› By 1836 there were over 500 abolitionist
groups
› By 1860 there were over 3 million
‘abolitionists’
17

William L. Garrison was
a leading abolitionist
› Demanded immediate
end to slavery
› Published The
Liberator, an
abolitionist newspaper
› Formed the American
Anti-Slavery Society
› Had over 150,000
members
18

Frederick Douglass
› An escaped slave
› Published his
autobiography in 1845
› His writing, firsthand
experience, and speeches
made him a leading
abolitionist
19
As the abolition movement grew, Northern
politicians felt pressure to pass anti-slavery laws
 In 1860 Abraham Lincoln (the anti-slavery
candidate) would earn 1.8 million votes
____________________________________________________
 Many Northerners supported, or at least tolerated,
Slavery

› The end of slavery would create competition for work
› The Northern economy greatly benefitted from cheap
cotton

Southerners were outraged by abolitionists
› Abolition of slavery threatened their entire way of life
20

In 1851 Harriet Beecher
Stowe published Uncle
Tom’s Cabin
› Described the cruelties of
Slave life in the South
› Became a bestseller
› Raised awareness about the
issue
› Outraged the South, who
accused her of writing lies
Dred Scott decision 1857 John Brown’s Raid 1859
Increased Northern
 Increased Southern fears
opposition to slavery
of slave rebellions
 Deprived free African
 United white southerners in
Americans of citizenship if
support of slavery
they were descendants of  May have speeded the
slaves
coming of the Civil War
 Increased tension between
North and South
 Further divided Democratic
Party


“I have no purpose to introduce political
and social equality between the white
and black races. There is a physical
difference between the two…I agree
with Judge Douglas that the Negro is not
my equal in many respects – certainly
not in color, perhaps not in moral or
intellectual endowment.”
-Abraham Lincoln

In 1858, Abraham
Lincoln and Stephen
Douglas held a series
of debates for the US
Senate
› Known as the
Lincoln-Douglas
debates
› Representing Illinois
“A house divided
against itself cannot
stand.
 I believe this
government cannot
endure, permanently
half slave and half free.
 I do not expect the
union to be dissolved – I
do not expect the house
to fall – but I do expect it
will cease to be divided.
 It will become all one
thing or all the other.”





This quote suggested
that Lincoln didn’t want
to only prevent the
spread of slavery
Slave holders were
convinced Lincoln was
an abolitionists
Brought Lincoln
national attention
He received the
Republican Party
nomination for
President
Candidates
 Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrats)
› Supported Popular Sovereignty in territories

John Breckinridge (Southern Democrats)
› Believed Slavery should be allowed in any US
territory, people could not vote to end slavery

John Bell (Constitutional Union Party)
› Purposely ignored the slavery issue

Abraham Lincoln (Republican Party)
› Opposed the extension of slavery into the
territories, did not call for the abolition of slavery
where it existed
26

Election results
showed the divisions
between North and
South (Free/Slave)
› Lincoln won with only
40% of popular vote
› Received 180
electoral votes
› Due in part to split in
Democratic Party

December 20, 1860,
South Carolina
seceded from the
U.S.
› Due to the
perception Lincoln
wanted to abolish
slavery
› States in the Lower
South followed
“Do the people of the South
really entertain fears that a
Republican administration would
interfere with their slaves, or with
them about their slaves? If they
do, I wish to assure you…that
there is no cause for such fears.”
-Abraham Lincoln
In February 1861, the
seven seceded
states met to form a
new nation
 The Confederate
States of America

› Chose Jefferson Davis
as President
The South
The North

Lincoln’s goal was to save the Union, it
was not to abolish slavery
› Lincoln recognized that most Northerners were
not abolitionists
› Also, he didn’t want to drive the border states
to secession

Would need to invade the South

The South’s goals were to remain
independent with slavery and ‘States’ Rights’
Could fight a defensive war
Believed Northerners would quickly tire of
fighting and give up


30
The Union Strategy
 Invade the South to end
rebellion
 Cut-off the South from the
rest of the world
› ‘Blockade’ Southern ports to
prevent imports and exports


Control the Mississippi to
divide the Confederate
States
Called the ‘Anaconda Plan’
31
The Confederate Strategy
 Win with superior soldiers
and officers
 Receive foreign aid and
support from nations who
relied on Southern Cotton
› Would essentially
‘blackmail’ France and
Britain by stopping
exports of cotton

This was known as ‘Cotton
Diplomacy’
32
North
South
33
Write: Name of battle, when, and where it
happened
pages: 364, 367, 368, 392
First Battle of Bull Run
 Battle of Shiloh
 Vicksburg
 New Orleans
 Second Battle of Bull Run
 Fredericksburg
 Chancellorsville

Antietam
 Gettysburg
 Chickamauga
 Appomattox
 Atlanta
 Savannah

34
What were the goals of the Union and
the Confederacy during the Civil War?
2. What were the strategies of the Union
and Confederacy during the Civil War?
3. Compare and contrast the civilian and
military leadership of the Union and
Confederacy
1.
35


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Anaconda plan
Cotton diplomacy
Embargo
Stonewall Jackson*
George McClellan*
Ulysses S. Grant*

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
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Freedmen
Conscription
Copperheads
Habeas corpus
William Sherman*
36
On the handout there are 10 areas of
comparison between the Union and
Confederacy
 As a group, discuss the importance of
each area of comparison as it relates to
winning a civil war

37
Facilitator – your job is to ensure everyone has
an opportunity to speak and that all ideas are
considered
 General – after hearing and considering
everyone’s ideas, ultimately it is your job to
categorize the areas of comparison
 Commander – after hearing and considering
everyone’s ideas, ultimately it is your job to
assign points to the Union and Confederacy
 Presenter – It is your job to share with the class
your groups decision for ranking areas of
comparison, and the final score between
Union and Confederacy


As a group separate the 10 areas of
comparison into 4 categories
1. Most important (1-5 points)
2. Very important (1-4 points)
3. Important (1-3 points)
4. Moderately important (1-2 points)

As a group, assign points to the Union
and Confederacy on each area of
comparison
39

Read about the Goals and Strategies of
the North and South (pg. 360-362)
› Summarize the goals and strategies of the
North
› Summarize the goals and strategies of the
South
› Finally, try to predict how successful the
strategies of the North and South will be at
achieving their goals
40
What were the causes and effects of the
Emancipation Proclamation
5. What effect did the Civil War have on
the civilian population?
4.
41

During the war, slaves
made important
contributions to the South
› Farm work provided
food/supplies for
Confederate armies
› Released white male’s
from labor to fight
• As the Civil War went on, opinions about the goals of
the war changed, but opinions about the
emancipation of slaves was mixed
42



Originally Lincoln did not
believe he had the
constitutional authority to
abolish slavery
Gradually, others
convinced him he could
The assistance slavery
gave the South to continue
the war was a main factor
in Abraham Lincoln
emancipating African
slaves
43
Emancipation Proclamation





Freed slaves in all areas that were in rebellion
against the United States
Some abolitionists were upset it did not free all slaves
Some northerners were angered, emancipation
would create competition for work
Ended South’s hope of British assistance
Encouraged freedmen to join the Union army and
navy
44
Unit 3 vocab.
 The Industrial North Q&A
 The Land of Cotton Q&A
 Unit 4 vocab.
 Goals and Strategies of the Union and
Confederacy
 Fighting Erupts Q&A

45

Women in the North
and South contributed
to the war effort in
many ways
› Took over farms,
plantations, and
businesses
› Worked in factories
› Thousands worked as
nurses in hospitals and
on battlefields
46

Hundreds of women disguised
themselves as men and enlisted
› Some served as spies
47

Civilians were very effected by shortages
and high prices, especially in the South
› In 1863, a confederate dollar was only worth 20
cents
› Food riots took place in several southern cities
› Thousands of soldiers deserted the military to
take care of families
› “poor men have been compelled to leave the
army to come home to provide for their families.
We are poor men and willing to defend our
country but our families first.”
48

In April 1862, the Confederate Congress
enacted the first draft in U.S. history
› Extended volunteers’ enlistments for two years
› Required three years service from white males
aged 18-35 (later would become 17-50)
› Wealthy slave holders were exempt, making
many see the war as a ‘poor man’s war’

The Union added a draft in May 1863, but
one could be excused with a $300 fee
49

Many Northern Democrats
opposed Lincoln and
emancipation and fueled
an antiwar movement
› They were known as
Copperheads

In response to antidraft riots
and an antiwar movement
President Lincoln
suspended habeas corpus
› Constitutional right of an
arrested person to appear
in court charged with a
crime
50
At the beginning of the Civil War, what was
the goal of the Union? What was there
strategy to accomplish this goal?
2. At the beginning of the Civil War, what was
the goal of the Confederacy? What was
there strategy to accomplish this goal?
3. What were two important advantages of
the Union during the Civil War?
4. What were two important advantages of
the Confederacy during the Civil War?
1.
51
5.
6.
7.
Besides abolishing slavery because it
was wrong, what other important reason
did Abraham Lincoln have for
emancipating the slaves?
What effect did the Emancipation
Proclamation have on the outcome of
the Civil War?
What are two ways civilians were
effected by the Civil War?
52

Read about The South After the War on
page 403
Think about the challenges facing the
country after the war
 Also, think about possible solutions the
nation could come up with to overcome
these challenges.

53
What did Reconstruction do? What did it
fail to do?
7. How did society change during
Reconstruction?
8. What problems developed during
Reconstruction?
6.
54




Freedmen
Conscription
Copperheads
Habeas corpus






Freedmen’s Bureau
Ten Percent Plan
John Wilkes Booth*
Andrew Johnson*
Black Codes
Ku Klux KIan
55

In Dec. 1863 Abraham Lincoln issued a
Proclamation of Amnesty
› Offered forgiveness for the rebellion to all
Southerners (except high ranking officers)
› Southerners had to take an oath of loyalty to
the Union

When 10% of a state’s population took
the oath, the state could form a new
government
› Called the Ten Percent Plan
56
Opposition to Lincoln’s Plan
 Some claimed President Lincoln didn’t have
authority to admit states
 Many others felt the plan was too lenient
Three states would form new governments
before Lincoln was assassinated, and all
others had by the end of 1865
 Lincoln’s Vice-President Andrew Johnson
would secede Lincoln

57

President Johnson’s plan
› Similar to Lincoln’s plan
› White southerners needed
to take oath of loyalty,
repeal secession, abolish
slavery
› Restored rights to white
southerners
58

Most White Southerners supported
Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction
› Relieved he did not intend to punish them
› Happy he let them form their own
governments under their own terms
› President Johnson pardoned nearly every
former Confederate leaders, which allowed
them to be elected in new State
governments
› “White men alone must manage the South.”
-President Andrew Johnson
59

However, Northern Republicans in Congress
would overpower Johnson and take control
of Reconstruction
› Wanted to block former Confederates from
returning to power
› Wanted to ensure African Americans had
economic opportunities and political equality
60
Freedmen’s Bureau
Black Codes
 Helped find jobs for
 Forced African Americans
African Americans
to sign 1-year work
contracts
 Built schools and
hospitals throughout
 Could not be hired while
South
under contract
 Helped protect rights of  Could be arrested for not
African Americans
signing or leaving
contract
 Some could not rent
13Th Amendment
property in cities/towns
 Abolished slavery in the
 Some could not own guns
United States
 White employers could
whip black employees
61
14th Amendment
Black Codes
 Citizenship granted to  Limited freedom of
African Americans
speech/travel
 States can’t make laws  Denied right to vote of
that deprive rights of
African Americans
citizens
 Prevented Blacks from
 All citizens must be
testifying against Whites in
court
given equal protection
of the laws
Ku Klux Klan
 Used threats/violence to
15th Amendment
prevent African Americans
from voting
 Citizens cannot be
deprived of right to
 Beat and murdered Black
vote on account of
leaders and White
race
supporters of Reconstruction
62
15th Amendment
 Citizens cannot be
deprived of right to
vote on account of
race
Voting Restrictions
 Poll taxes prevented many
African Americans from
voting
 Southern States installed
‘Grandfather Clauses’ to
prevent African Americans
from voting
Southern Homestead Act Sharecropping
 African Americans could
 Millions of acres of free
not afford farming
farmland set aside for
materials
African Americans
 Sharecropping created a
cycle of debt and
dependence
63

During Reconstruction, Congress passed
legislation designed to help African Americans
› While many of these laws had little immediate
effects in the South, they would assist African
Americans in achieving rights later
64
Reconstruction Acts 1867
 Divided South into 5
military districts
 To be admitted State’s
had to:
› Ratify 14th Amendment
› Guarantee freedmen
right to vote
› Form new state
governments elected by
all male citizens,
including African
Americans
65



By 1870 all of the Confederate states had rejoined
the Union
Reconstruction ended in 1877 after Southern
Democrat Samuel J. Tiden was almost elected
President
Removed Federal troops from Southern States
66

Following Reconstruction, African
Americans lost nearly all the rights they
had gained
› Would be kept from voting, making it difficult
to improve their standing

Southern States would pass laws that
segregated African Americans in public
places
› African-Americans would challenge these
laws in the Supreme Court
67
Plessy v. Ferguson
 Supreme Court ruled
public facilities could
be separated by
race, as long as the
facilities were equal
 Known as ‘separate
but equal’ clause
 Allowed for legal
discrimination
68