Transcript Chapter 4 Notes

Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Chapter 4
The Union in Peril
North v.s. South
North
South
Diversified Economy
Plantation Economy
Compromise of 1850
 California=free state
 New Mexico and Utah decide by popular sovereignty
(citizens vote for or against slavery)
 New, harsh Fugitive Slave Act
Protest, Resistance, Violence
 Underground Railroad: system of routes along
which slaves escaped to freedom.
 Harriet Tubman = most famous “Conductor”
 1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 Kansas-Nebraska Act: divided territory in two , repealed
Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty for both
territories
 Result: Bloodshed
Conflicts Lead to Secession
 1857:Dred Scott Decision confirms slavery
 1858:Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 October 16, 1859: John Brown leads a raid on Harper’s Ferry with the
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hope of starting a slave rebellion
1860: Lincoln elected President
December 20, 1860: South Carolina becomes the first state to
secede from the Union.
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas soon follow
South Carolina.
February 1861: secessionist states form Confederate States of
America
 Jefferson Davis elected president
The Civil War in a Nutshell
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gfl6rHFUuQ
Union Advantages
 More people
 More factories
 Greater food production
 More extensive railroad system
Southern Advantages
 “King Cotton”
 Talented Generals
 Extremely motivated Soldiers
Civil War people and terms
 Bull Run: first battle
 “There Stands Jackson like a stone wall!”
 First Southern Victory
 Ulysses S. Grant: eventually became Commander of
Union Army
 Robert E. Lee: Commander of Confederate Army
 Antietam: more than 26,000 casualties in one day –bloodiest
day in American history.
 Emancipation Proclamation- declared slaves of the
Confederacy free
A Glorious Affair?
 Officer’s Camp
A Glorious Affair?
 Enlisted Soldier’s Camp
Living Conditions of a Soldier
 Poor sanitation
 Limited diet
 Inadequate healthcare
 Prison camps worse than army camps:
 15% of prisoners in the South died
 12% of prisoners in the North died
 Thousands of women (North and South) volunteered as
nurses
 Clara Barton= most famous Civil War nurse; founded
American Red Cross after war.
Civil War People and Terms
 July 1, 1863; Gettysburg: most decisive battle of the
war
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Union victory, but at a cost
23,000 Union casualties
28,000 Confederate casualties
Lee no longer seems invincible
 November 1863; Gettysburg Address
 Cemetery dedicated at Gettysburg
 “remade America”
 “The United States are” v.s. “The United States is”
Total War
 1864 Problem: war gone on too long, casualties too high;
people losing faith in Lincoln
 March 1864: U.S. Grant made commander of all Union
armies
 Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander of
the military division of the Mississippi.
 Both believed in Total War
 Goal: break the will of the people, win the war.
Total War
 Spring, 1864: Sherman’s March to the sea
 Destruction on a gargantuan scale
 Sherman’s victories reinvigorate the North, Lincoln wins a
second term
Winning the War
 April 3, 1865: Union troops take Confederate Capital at
Richmond
 April 9, 1865: Lee and Grant meet at Appomattox
Court House, VA to arrange a Confederate surrender.
 Within a month, Confederate resistance collapses; war over
at last.
Aftermath
 Union Deaths: approximately 360,000
 Confederate Deaths: approximately 260,000
 Federal gov’t power increased
 Northern economy prospered
 Southern economy devastated
 No state threatened to secede again
 End of slavery
Last Old-Fashioned War/First Modern
War
 Technological advancements:
 Rifle
 Minié ball
 Hand grenades
 Land mines
 Ironclad ships
Lives Changed
 April 14th, 1865: John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln at
Ford’s Theatre, Lincoln dies next day.
 End of 1865: 13th Amendment ratified
 Slavery officially abolished in America
Reconstruction
 Reconstruction:1865-1877 the period during which the
United States began to rebuild after the Civil War
 Freedman’s Bureau: provided food, clothing,
hospitals, legal protection, education for former
slaves and poor whites in the South.
 Lincoln’s Plan: Amnesty for all, malice for none.
 Andrew Johnson succeeds Lincoln
 Vetoes Freedman’s Bureau Act and Civil Rights Act
Reconstruction
 14th Amendment:
 Prevents states from denying rights and privileges to
any U.S. citizen (all persons born/naturalized in the United
States).
 1868:Johnson Impeached by The House, remains in office
after Senate votes not to convict
 1868: Grant elected president
 15th Amendment:
 No one can be kept from voting because of “race,
color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Reconstruction
 Positive: African-Americans take an active role in
politics
 Hiram Revels of Mississippi: first African-American senator
 Negative: economic necessity forced many former slaves
and impoverished whites to become sharecroppers.
 Landowners divide land amongst farmers, keep a percentage of
the crops
 Families cannot escape poverty
Collapse of Reconstruction
 Rampant discrimination
 Loss of support for reconstruction
 1872: Freedman’s Bureau allowed to expire
 Ku Klux Klan
 White supremacist group
 Terror, violence, murder
 Breakdown of unity in Republican party
Reconstruction in Tennessee
 Tennessee Constitutional Convention of 1870:
 Explicitly states that
 Slavery is illegal in TN
 All free (male) citizens have the right to vote
Reconstruction in Tennessee
 Election of African-Americans to General Assembly:
 1872-1887: 14 African-American men serve on the
General Assembly of Tennessee; several of these men
were once slaves.
Reconstruction in Tennessee
 Sampson W. Keeble: Born into slavery in Rutherford
County, he was elected to represent Davidson County
in the 38th General Assembly, 1873- 1874. He was
the first African American to serve in the Tennessee
legislature.
Reconstruction in Tennessee
 Yellow Fever Epidemic 1878
 Yellow fever: deadly disease causes liver damage which
causes skin to yellow
 I870s: Illness spreads from Caribbean to New Orleans
via trade ships, efforts to contain the illness fail, and
disease spreads along Mississippi trade routes.
Memphis loses over half of its population (either
because they fled or they died) 1878: Most elected
officials either dead or fled to the country
 Memphis almost destroyed, even lost its charter for a
while –was known as the “Taxing District of Shelby
County”
Hayes-Tilden Compromise
 Southern Democrats regain power
 Adamantly opposed to Reconstruction
 Hayes-Tilden Election of 1876
 Democrat Tilden wins popular vote but is one electoral vote short of
victory
 Southern Democrats accept Republican Hayes if federal
troops withdrawn from South and Reconstruction ended.
Rise of Jim Crow
 Hayes’ deal with Southern Democrats gives them
license to reverse any gains made by AfricanAmericans during Reconstruction.
 Jim Crow Laws: racial segregation laws between 18761965
Violence Escalates
 Lynching: the practice of killing people by mob action.
Disenfranchisement Methods
 Disenfranchisement=taking away the right to vote
 Violence, fraud, intimidation
 “Literacy tests” –voters pass a test to vote
 Poll taxes –pay a tax to vote
 Grandfather clauses –one was exempt from these
restrictions if one’s Grandfather had had the right to
vote
Pap Singleton
 Born a slave in 1809
 Sought to create a society where African-Americans
owned the land, directed industry, and held power
 Bought up land in Kansas,encouraged Blacks to move
west to escape oppression
 People who answer his call= “Exodusters”
 About 50,000 people flee the South (most of from
Tennessee)
Illustrating Reconstruction
 Pick one of the following:
 Constitutional Convention of 1870
 Election of African-Americans to General Assembly
 Hayes-Tilden Election
 Jim Crow Laws
 Yellow Fever Epidemic
 Write a definition for your term, then, on the other
side of the paper, design a poster illustrating your
term. If you are not confident in your art skills, you
may use words to illustrate your term as well. Your
poster must have a title.