Transcript JB APUSH Unit VB - jbapamh

CIVIL WAR
Unit VB
AP United States History
Fundamental Question
► How
did the Civil War change the political,
social, and economical landscape of the
United States?
► Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve
the problems and conditions that led to the
sectional conflict?
Confederate Constitution
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We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent
character, in order to form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic
tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor
and guidance of Almighty God do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate
States of America.
Three-Fifths Clause
The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the
sole power of impeachment; except that any judicial or other Federal officer, resident and
acting solely within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both
branches of the Legislature thereof.
Line-item veto for President
To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises for revenue, necessary to pay the debts,
provide for the common defense, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but
no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury; nor shall any duties or taxes on importations
from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry; and all duties,
imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the Confederate States.
Congress cannot “facilitate commerce”
The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the
slaveholding States or Territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and
Congress is required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same.
No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro
slaves shall be passed.
Single six-year term for President
The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the
several States; and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy,
with their slaves and other property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be
thereby impaired.
State legislatures solely responsible for amendments
Prelude to War
► After
Lincoln’s election in 1860, several southern
states seceded as warned
► Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery in
the South, but explained secession was
unconstitutional and prohibited
 Warned about the use of force to preserve the union
and placed the blame toward the secessionists
 “a more perfect union”
► Southern
states argued for their sovereignty and
had a right to secede
 Explained how war was another forceful attempt by the
North and the South would defend its soil
Fort Sumter
April 12, 1861 in South
Carolina
► CSA confiscated federal
forts in southern territory
► Lincoln sent provisions to
fort and CSA fired upon
the fort thus sparking the
Civil War
► Four more southern states
joined Confederacy
afterwards
► Sparked nationalism in the
North and South and led to
massive enlistment
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North vs. South
► California,
Connecticut,
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Maine, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Minnesota,
New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York,
Ohio, Oregon,
Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Vermont,
Wisconsin
► Virginia,
North
Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee,
Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, Arkansas,
Florida, Louisiana,
Texas
Border States
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Delaware remained extremely loyal to the Union despite being
a slave state
Maryland suffered through riots and disagreement between
pro-CSA and pro-Union
 Lincoln established martial law and suspended habeas corpus for proCSA members and citizens
 Persuaded Maryland to be pro-Union through force
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Missouri voted pro-Union, but had to deal with pro-CSA
leadership; remained Union
Kentucky proclaimed neutrality, but after a CSA invasion chose
the Union
 “Lincoln would like God on his side but he must have Kentucky.”
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Virginia divides in 1863
 Counties in northwest Virginia voted for pro-Union and broke away to
form West Virginia
Union Advantages over CSA
► 22
million in Union population (71% of USA)
 9 million in CSA population (29% of USA)
► 3.5
million of which are slaves
► Union
controlled most of the banking, capital,
commerce – easier to finance the war effort
► Union owned…
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90%
70%
65%
97%
► Loyalty
of
of
of
of
total factories and manufacturing
railroad lines
farmland
firearm production
of the U.S. Navy to the Union
► Educational advantages
Confederate Advantages
over Union
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Defensive war
 Union needed to invade and
control
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Geography
 Rivers and terrain
 Indented coastline
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Military Experience
 Many U.S. military officers
resigned to fight for their
Confederate home states
 Robert E. Lee
 “Stonewall” Jackson
Confederate Hopes and
Liabilities
► Cotton
exports could
lead to financial support
► Hoped for recognition
by European powers
► Hoped for public
opinion to build against
Lincoln
 Drag out the war
► States’
rights prevented
one solid voice
Volunteers and Conscription
► At
first, citizens enthusiastically volunteered for the
war at local recruitment centers, but the war dragged
on and became unpopular
► Conscription
 Union
► Enrollment
Act of 1863/Civil War Military Draft Act
 Eligible for males 20-45 years old
 Draft quotas per congressional district
 Substitution and Commutation
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Pay a substitute or pay $300 ($5,400) to avoid draft
 “A rich man’s war but poor man’s fight”
 Confederacy
► Conscription
Act
 Twenty Negro Law
► Confederacy’s
Impressment Act
 Troops could take farmers’ products at prescribed rates
 Impress slaves into military service
Union Strategy
► Anaconda
Plan
 Naval blockade
surrounding the CSA
► Mississippi
River
 Divide the CSA in two
► Richmond
 Capture the capital with
trained urban fighters
Eastern Theater
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First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861)
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Union’s Peninsula Campaign (March-July 1862)
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Failed attempt to capture Richmond as Union McClellan is repulsed by CSA’s Lee
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CSA’s Lee pushed Union’s Pope back into Washington
Second Battle of Bull Run (August 1862)
Antietam (September 1862)
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Lopsided loss by Union: 12,653 casualties to 5,377
Chancellorsville (May 1863)
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CSA wanted recognition as a nation but needed decisive, big victory
CSA’s Lee invaded Maryland but pushed back by Union McClellan
Bloodiest day in war: 22,000 killed or wounded
Loss by CSA loses possible alliances with Britain and France
Lincoln will issue the Emancipation Proclamation as a war measure
Fredericksburg (December 1862)
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First major battle of the war
Demand for a quick attack, inexperienced Union troops sent in retreat by CSA’s Stonewall Jackson
Myth of quick war leads to realization of long and costly war
CSA’s Lee’s “perfect battle” over Union Hooker
Loss of Stonewall Jackson, Lee’s “right arm”
Gettysburg (July 1863)
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CSA’s Lee’s offensive into Pennsylvania to force peace by the Union or earn foreign support
Pickett’s Charge and failure and near destruction of CSA military
Deadliest battle of the entire war: over 50,000 casualties
Widely considered the turning point of the war for a Union victory
Gettysburg Address
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Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a
new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men
are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether
that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We
are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion
of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
► But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not
hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little
note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they
did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished
work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather
for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from
these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they
gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these
dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new
birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth.
Western Theater
► Pea
Ridge (March 1862)
 Solidified Union support and control in Missouri
► Shiloh
(April 1862)
 “I can’t spare this man; he fights.” – Lincoln on Grant
► Heartland
Offensive (August 1862)
 Invasion of Kentucky leading the state to support the
Union
► Vicksburg
(May-July 1863)
 Union control of the Mississippi River, cutting the
CSA in two
Monitor vs. Merrimac
Epic battle between
ironclad vessels (Battle of
Hampton Roads)
► Monitor fought to uphold
the Union naval blockade
► Merrimac/CSS Virginia
fought to break and
disrupt the naval
blockade to send exports
and receive supplies and
provisions
► Ended in a draw in
battle, but preserved the
Union naval blockade
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The Civil War and the World
The Confederacy had two foreign priorities:
 Foreign recognition by European powers
 Economic dependency (cotton market)
► Great Britain and the Civil War
 Trent Affair (1861)
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Union ship captures Confederate diplomats off British ship
 British shipbuilders and Confederate raiders
► CSS Alabama
► France and the Civil War
 Sympathy for Confederacy, but conquered Mexico
► Cotton Diplomacy
 South believed in continued European dependency on its cotton
 Embargoed cotton to force economic depression in Europe - FAIL
 “King CORN”
► Union victories delayed or prevented recognition
 Antietam was decisive along with Emancipation Proclamation
Slavery During the War
► Slavery
continued in the Confederacy as it was the
backbone of its society
 Dissolution of master-slave relationship
 Inefficiency and destruction of plantations
► Confederate
“control”
 Fear of slave revolts forced plantations east
 Tighter slave codes and scare tactics
► Loyalty
or Freedom?
 Most remained on plantations due to strong loyalty or
slim chance of escape
 Approaching Union forces allowed for better chances
 “If slaves will make good soldiers, our whole theory of
slavery is wrong.” - Georgia general
The Union and Blacks/Slaves
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The idea of ending slavery was difficult for
Lincoln
 Border states were slave states, ex.
Kentucky
 Slavery is constitutional
 Racism in the North and among
Democrats
 Re-election in 1864?
Confiscation Acts
 First Confiscation Act (1861)
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Second Confiscation Act (1862)
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“contraband of war” - cannot apply slavery
as property to states that seceded
Freed slaves of rebels
Emancipation Proclamation (January 1,
1863)
 “freed” slaves in Confederate states
 Slavery became an “official” cause of war
 Opened the door for black participation in
war
 Very unpopular among Northerners
Blacks in the Union military - Army of
Freedom
 54th Massachusetts (Glory)
 200,000 participants; 37,000 casualties
Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865)
 Abolished slavery throughout the nation
Women During the War
► Managed
and worked farms and factories as
men went to battle
► Helped develop and strengthen medical
field, ex. Nurses
► Woman’s National Loyal League (1863)
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
 End slavery, fight for women’s suffrage
► Back
to tradition after the war
Andersonville Prison Camp
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Established as a
Confederate POW camp in
February of 1864 in
Georgia
Under command of
Captain Henry Wirz
“no man’s land,”
conditions, Raiders vs.
Regulators
Approx. 13,000 out of
45,000 died from
conditions
Politics During the War
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Lincoln and Congress
 Since the South seceded, Republicans gained control
of Congress in 1860 and dominated throughout
 Radical Republicans
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Wanted to punish Confederacy and abolish slavery
 Conservative Republicans
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Pro-Union coalition
 War Democrats
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Against secession but supported pro-Democratic
platform
 Copperheads/Peace Democrats
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Peace with Confederacy and return to pre-Civil War
situation
Constitutional Powers and Rights
 Expanded military, ordered naval blockade, spent
funds without congressional approval/declaration of
war
 Ex parte Merryman (1861)
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Suspension of habeas corpus by Lincoln unconstitutional
 Ex parte Milligan (1866)
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Civilians cannot be tried in military courts if civil courts
still operating
The Draft Riots of 1863 in New York City
 Irish workers react to Emancipation Proclamation
Copperhead Propaganda
Election of 1864
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Unionist
(Republican)
 Lincoln selected
Democrat Andrew
Johnson as VP
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Democrats
 Split by Peace
Democrats and War
Democrats
 Nominate General
George B. McClellan
Republican Platform During the War
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Financial Development
 Legal Tender Act
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Use of Greenbacks backed by federal government
 National Bank Act (1863, 1864)
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National Banking System led to federal-chartered banks to issue Greenbacks
Facilitated sale of government bonds to help finance the war
 Internal Revenue Act (1862, 1864)
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Progressive tax rates applied: 3% on $600-$10,000; 5% on over $10,000
Infrastructure
 Morrill Tariff (1861)
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Raised rates to 47%
 Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
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30,000 acres of public land for each senator and representative to be sold and revenue placed in
endowment fund for state colleges
Technical and agricultural colleges
 Contract Labor Law of 1864
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Employers imported labor to supply industries
Visions West
 Homestead Act (1862)
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160 acres per family for $10 ($180) to settle and develop for 5 years
 Pacific Railway Act (1862)
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Subsidies and land granted for railroads
Transcontinental railroad connecting California and East
Ending the War
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Vicksburg and Gettysburg
signaled the end for the
Confederacy
General Ulysses S. Grant
launches total war
General William Tecumseh
Sherman and the March to
the Sea
 Scorched earth policy and
confiscation from TennesseeAtlanta-Savannah-Columbia
Peace
► Appomattox
- April 9,
1865
 Lee surrenders to Grant
► Confederates
until the
very end…
 Guerilla tactics and
“The South will rise
again!”
Cost of the War
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Union:
 110,000 KIA
 250,000 Died from war effects
 275,200 wounded
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Confederacy:
 93,000 KIA
 167,000 Died from war effects
 137,000 wounded
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TOTAL DEAD: 625,000*
North Cost: $2.3B ($54B)
South Cost: $1B ($23B)
South Destruction: $1.5B
($35B)
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American Revolution: 4,435
► War of 1812: 2,260
► Mexican-American War:
13,283
► Spanish-American War:
2,446
► World War I: 116,516
► World War II: 405,399
► Korea: 36,574
► Vietnam: 58,220
► Persian Gulf War: 383
► Iraq War: 4,486
► Afghanistan: 2,145
► TOTAL: 646,147