Transcript THE NORTH`S - Loyola Blakefield

THEME: The North effectively
brought to bear its long term
advantages of industrial might and
human resources to wage a
devastating total war against the
South. The war helped organize and
modernize northern society, while
the South, despite heroic efforts, was
economically and socially crushed.
Balance of Power
SOUTH
NORTH
Balance of Power
SOUTH
• Defensive Strategy
• Better officers
• Military Culture
• Limited transportation
• Limited manufacturing
• Limited population
(slave revolution?)
NORTH
• Offensive Strategy
• Incompetent/Hesitant Officers
• Urban culture
• Extensive ports& transportation
system
• Extensive Manufacturing
• Immigration/Population
Map: Major American Cities in 1830 and 1860
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Map: Railroad Growth, 1850-1860
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/MAP
DEMO/Theater/TheTheater.html
What were
the 3 parts
of the
Anaconda
Plan?
Scott's Great Snake
General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power
by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In
this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the
Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)
WAR STRATEGIES
P.S. What’s the difference between tactics and strategy?
THE NORTH’S
“ANACONDA” PLAN
1. Naval blockade of
Southern ports
2. Control the Mississippi
and split Confederacy in
two
3. Capture Richmond, the
Confederate Capital
THE SOUTH’S PLAN
1. Fight a defensive war
2. Secure recognition and
support from Europe
3. Negotiate an armistice
CONSCRIPTION (=DRAFT)
NORTH:
SOUTH:
•
•
•
•
• Started in 1862
• Ages 18-35
• Exemptions for
slaveholders with 20
slaves or more
• Substitutes allowed
• 80% of elegible men
served
Started in 1863
Ages 20-45 for 3 years
Substitutes allowed
Commutations for
$300
• Bounties paid to
volunteers
• 92% of army
volunteered
DRAFT RIOTS:
NYC draft riots in July 1863. 11 African
Americans lynched. 100 killed.
ECONOMICS
IN THE NORTH:
• institutes income tax for 1st time
• Increases tariff & taxes on alcohol and tobacco
• Instituted the National Banking System to regulate
currency
• Instituted the “greenback” currency
• Treasury bonds instituted to borrow money
IN THE SOUTH:
• Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt.
• Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade
• 9,000 inflation rate!!!
ECONOMICS
IN THE NORTH:
• Boom in manufacturing
• Profiteering & creation of a new millionaire class
• Integration of labor-saving devices: i.e. McCormick
reaper, sewing machine
• Introduction of “sizing” for clothing
• Women and minorities enter workforce (Dr.
Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix)
• Federal govt. institutes income tax for 1st time
ECONOMICS
IN THE SOUTH:
• Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt.
• Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade
• Transportation collapses
• Cotton Capitalism collapses
• SHORTAGES!!! FOOD RIOTS!!!
ECONOMICS
IN THE SOUTH:
• Percentage of national wealth drops from 30
to 12%
• Income is 2/5 of Northern average
• Transportation collapses
• Cotton Capitalism collapses
ECONOMIC CHANGES:
SUMMARY
IN THE NORTH:
• Economy booms and grows
• Institutes income tax for 1st time
• Construction of national railroad system
• Creation of national banks
• Instituted the “greenback” currency
• 179% inflation rate in 1865
IN THE SOUTH:
• Economic collapse
• Percentage of national wealth drops from 30 to 12%
• Income is 2/5 of Northern average
• 9,000% inflation rate at end of war!!!
THEME: Lincoln’s skillful political
leadership helped keep the crucial
Border States in the Union and
maintain northern morale, while his
effective diplomacy kept Britain and
France from aiding the Confederacy.
The Blockade
• Union extends blockade (Anaconda Plan)
• Begins to have success by targeting cotton ports
• Risks war with Britain by seizing British merchants,
uses “ultimate destination”- legal cover to avoid war
• Blockade Runners earn profits of up to 700%
• 3//9/1862: Monitor v. Merrimack  end of woodenhulled warfare, beginning of the “Ironclads”
Virginia rams Cumberland
Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia)
Monitor after the battle with the Virginia
http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/cwar-pix/monitor.jpg
Cotton King?
South counts on
European intervention:
– It needs naval support and
trade with Europe
– Europe depends on its
cotton
– Aristocratic South mirrors
monarchies in Europe
Why doesn’t Europe come?
Europe does not come to the
South’s aid because:
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin turns
British and French public
against slave-holding South
• There was a glut of cotton on
market when war began
• Union sends grain surpluses
to Europe, UK suffers bad
harvests
• Union sent captured cotton
supplies to Europe
• Egypt and India increased
cotton production
Diplomacy Fails
• Trent Affair, late 1861
– US Navy boards British steamer and captures 2
Confederate diplomats
• Alabama raids: 1862-1864
– British built ship, armed in Portuguese Azores
(=British are technically not arming South)
– Captured 60 US vessels, sinks 64
– Similar British built Confederate ships sink 250
Union ships
– Britain pays $15.5 million in damages after war
• 1863: the Laird “rams”= Brinkmanship with UK
– Would have broken Union blockade and probably
resulted in Union invasion of Canada
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h57000/h57256.jpg
Side-effects of Foreign Flare-ups
• American Vigilante raids into Canada unite
Canadians
• 1867: British parliament grants Canada
independence
• 1863: Napoleon III establishes a puppet
regime in Mexico –violating the Monroe
Doctrine
• US cannot threaten retaliation until after the
war in 1865
Whose War? War for What?
• After Sumter: Who goes next?
ARK, TENN, NC, AND VA
• Capital of Confederacy moves to Richmond, VA
• BORDER STATES:
MD, DEL, W.VA, KY, MO, Indian Territory
• W.VA formed by “mountain whites”
• Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in MD, sends
Union troops to support unionist militias in Border
states, W. VA, MO
Lincoln’s Cause: UNION, NOT
ABOLITION. WHY?
Lincoln cannot loose the “Butternut” Region of
Southern Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois NOR the
Border States.
“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to
lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot
hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all
against us. And the job on our hands is too large
for us. We would as well consent to separation at
once, including surrender of this capital.”
Border States and Civil Rights
THEME:
Lincoln violates Constitution in order to preserve it
•
Lincoln expands presidential authority while Congress
is not in session, appropriating Congress’ powers:
1. He expands army
2. He appropriates 2 million for military costs
•
Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in order to indefinitely
detain anti-Unionists, especially in Border States, like
Maryland
• Lincoln censors papers and imprisons hostile editors
• Federal troops used to intimidate voters in Border States
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/images/al16.jpg
http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/integrate/davis2.jpg
The Presidents
Abraham Lincoln
Jefferson Davis
The “Presidents”
UNION
CONFEDERACY
• Lincoln exercises arbitrary
powers
• Lincoln benefits from oneparty politics
• Dissent is suppressed
• Lincoln builds coalitions,
uses humor to defuse
• His cabinet contains
political extremes and
some of his strongest
opponents!
• Seen as weak at first,
becomes popular with
time
• Jefferson Davis CANNOT
exercise arbitrary power
• Local rights usurp
Common needs
• Davis cannot assert
authority over troops
• Imperious, rarely
compromises
• Threatened with
impeachment/unpopular
The War comes to “Mobtown”
• Baltimore was nation’s 2nd largest city at the time
• Baltimore was infamous in the US for its unruly mobs
and riots
• Gangs ruled the city: Plug-uglies, Red Necks,
Gladiators, Black Snakes, Blood Tubs and Spartans…
• The Know Nothings had utilized violence during the
election year of 1855.
• Only 9% of Maryland had voted for Lincoln or
Douglas.
• Lincoln traveled incognito through Baltimore on the
way to his inauguration due to rumors of an
assassination plot.
Trouble Brews…
• Marylanders were divided over both secession and Lincoln’s
handling of Ft. Sumter (attacked on April 12th).
• Marylanders, like Virginians, found Lincoln’s April 14th call for
volunteers to “suppress” the rebellion deeply troubling, even
provocative. Sixth Massachusetts Regiment answers Lincoln’s call
for 90 Day volunteer enlistment.
• Five unarmed companies of Pennsylvania militiamen are set upon by
mobs in Baltimore.
• Many soldiers are hurt.
• The mob focuses its attack on the one free black in uniform, slashing
and stabbing him with knives
• Baltimore officials urge Lincoln to send no more troops through the
city.
http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506
“Another Lexington”
or another “Boston Massacre”?
• 6th Mass. Leaves Boston on April 17th and arrives in Baltimore April
19th.
• An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen. Many
on both sides of fighting are wounded.
• 21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured.
– Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while on the
ground – dies of his wounds.
– Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death by the
mob.
• Last company to march sustains 25% casualties.
• Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC
THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.
http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01381.jpg
http://mdhsimage.mdhs.org/Library/Images/Mellon%20Images/Z24access/z24-01317.jpg
AFTER EFFECTS
• On April 20th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and
Police Commissioner order all bridges leading into the
city destroyed.
• Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript
records.
• Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested.
• September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and
orders the governor, mayor, chief of police, many
prominent citizens, legislators, and newspapermen
arrested.
• Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other
northern forts for years, without trial.
• Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops
occupy and fortify Federal Hill.
Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862
Photographed by David Bachrach
MHS Library, Special Collections Department
http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32
“After the riots of
1861, Baltimore
illustrated the
nation’s divided
sympathies. If you
were for the
Confederacy, it was
an occupied city. If
you favored the
Union, General
Butler and his
troops were
protecting the city
from the rebels.
Legend reports
that the fort’s
troops enjoyed
pointing out to
nervous locals that
the cannons were
aimed at the
Washington
Monument, located
in the center of the
city, in case of
insurrection.”
Maryland, My Maryland
– I
The despot's heel is on thy shore,
– Maryland!
His torch is at thy temple door,
– Maryland!
Avenge the patriotic gore
That flecked the streets of
Baltimore,
And be the battle queen of yore,
– Maryland! My Maryland!
– VI
Dear Mother! burst the
tyrant's chain,
– Maryland!
Virginia should not call in
vain,
– Maryland!
She meets her sisters on the
plain"Sic semper!" 'tis the proud
refrain
That baffles minions back
again,
– Maryland!
Arise in majesty again,
– Maryland! My Maryland!
http://www.mdhs.org/library/Z24BaltEvents.html
(Z24.432)
Unveiling of Monument
to Confederate Soldiers
and Sailors
Point Lookout, Md. View of Hammond Genl. Hospital
& U.S. genl. depot for prisoners of war