Transcript File - Mr. Kawecki`s AP US History Class

The Reconstruction of the
South
Questions to be Answered
What needs to be Reconstructed?
 Who should control Reconstruction?
 What should be the conditions for readmission to the Union?
 What should be done about the freed
slaves?
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Lincoln’s Plan
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10% Plan
No Secession happened because it is illegal
Rebellion was individual, not collective
Presidential power to pardon
Lenient plan
Only 10% of a states population (other than high
confederates) had to admit guilt and agree to end
slavery for Amnesty to be granted. Louisiana, Arkansas,
and Tennessee rewrite Constitutions and are re-admitted
under the plan. (They were occupied)
Might win support for party and loyal states in South
Willing to put issue of freedmen aside for rapid
reunification
Congressional Plan
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Concerned about Lincoln’s Plan being too
lenient
Denied seats to reconstructed states. Did not
count Electoral votes from these states
Wade-Davis Bill – 51% had to follow process
AND say that they had never borne arms against
the Union. ALL civil and military confederates
would be disenfranchised
Lincoln vetoes Bill
Lincoln will begin to work with Radical
Republicans to create a new bill. Gets killed
before it can take place
A question to answer that we really
do not have time to answer, but I
will ask anyway……….
What were the impacts of Lincoln’s
death AND who benefits the most
from his death?
President Andrew Johnson
Truly a Democrat from Tennessee
 Hot tempered and tactless
 Not overly educated
 Full of resentment and very insecure
 Against freeing slaves
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Johnson’s Plan
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Called it “restoration” and felt that the White South should control its
fate
Offers Amnesty like Lincoln, but would force High Confederates to
apply directly to him for a pardon
Wanted to appoint governors of each state
Require admission based on revoking secession, abolishing slavery,
ratify 13th Amendment, and not pay Confederate debts
By 1865, all Southern states had followed procedures, but Congress
would not allow them to be represented in Washington
Bitter about Southern attitudes (still had some slaves, elected former
Confederates to office, wouldn’t grant suffrage to blacks)
Congress tries to take over
Reconstruction
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Congress would allow states in if they ratified the 14th Amendment
Race riots occur in South (whites attacking blacks), angering people
in North
Radicals gain strength and win 2/3 majority in Congress in 1866
elections
Start to write reconstruction legislation. Johnson vetoes. Congress
overrides.
This delay spans 2 years. South is still not reconstructed, South is
getting angry and resentful
Other than Tennessee, all southern states are put into 5 Military
controlled districts. States could come in if they met Congressional
standards
Add 15th Amendment later as condition for re-admission
Johnson is in the Way
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Johnson as President is in charge of implementing
Radical reconstruction plans. Congress doesn’t like it
Congress passes Tenure of Office Act which forbade the
President to dismiss civil officials without Congressional
consent. Meant to protect Stanton (only Lincoln
appointee still around)
Congress passes Command of the Army Act forcing
Johnson to go through Commander of Army (Grant) to
issue any orders (Constitutional?)
Johnson fires Stanton.
Congress Impeaches Johnson
Johnson keeps job by 1 Vote in U.S. Senate
End of Presidential Reconstruction
Country is disappointed with Washington
in-fighting
 No more impeaching
 Johnson is useless (Why?)
 Radicals lose support (Why?)
 Who will reconstruct now?
 Is anyone already reconstructing?
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Time to see what you know
http://www.funtrivia.com/playquiz.cfm?qid=6
0031
http://home.att.net/~betsynewmark/Quizzesp
age.html#Reconstruction
Economic Chaos
Bridges & Roads Destroyed
 Homes and Businesses in ruins
 Cities & Countryside Destroyed
 No valuable currency
 Limited Transportation System
 Economy is backwards & should be fixed?
 Work Force Decrease
-Slaves
-Death
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Social Chaos
 Southern
Way of Life Gone
 Hunger, Disease, Homelessness
 Way of life is backwards & should be
fixed?
 Condition of Freed Slaves?
-Most can’t read or write
-Didn’t own land
-Couldn’t find work
Political Chaos
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Who will Reconstruct?
-Congress?
-President?
-Southerners?
Should the South be punished?
-State Suicide Argument (Sumner)
-Conquered Territory Argument (Stevens)
Who will be able to vote?
Who will be able to hold office?
Do we need Amendments?
Will Democrats rise again?
Individual Relief Efforts
 Laura
Towne – took care of health &
legal issues for former slaves
 Josephine Griffing – provided food,
shelter, clothing, and job training for
freed slaves. Asked Congress to find
places on North & West for homeless
blacks
Freedman’s Bureau
U.S. federal government agency that
aided distressed refugees of the American
Civil War.
 Aid former slaves through education,
health care, and employment
 Helped establish homes and distribute
food, established 4,000 schools and 100
hospitals for former slaves. Also helped
freedmen find new jobs
 Could also help reunite families. Later, it
focused its work on helping the freedmen
adjust to their conditions of freedom.
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Restrictions on Freed slaves in the
South
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Black Codes – Strict rules for Blacks only
-no firearms unless licensed
-Can’t start own businesses
-no assembly unless whites are present
-off streets by sunset
-no travel without a permit
Reaction to Black Codes
-Congress refuses to allow Southern Senators & Reps into
Washington unless they end codes
-Southern leaders cannot be trusted
Jim Crow Laws – promote separate but equal
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court legalizes
Separate but Equal
Lynching
Southern Governments
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Disenfranchisement
Voting Issues
-Poll Tax
-Literacy Test
-Grandfather Clause
KKK & Force Acts
Carpetbaggers & Scalawags
Race Riots
Amendments & Reaction
Graft & Debt
Office holders representing general voting public?
White South Reconstruction
Sharecropping
 Tenant Farming
 Crop-Lien System
 Convict-Lease System
 Bourbon Redeemers vs. New Upper Class
-Merchants, Industrialists, RR
-James Duke
 KKK – Nathan Bedford Forrest
 Home Rule
 Solid South
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African American Reconstruction
Internal vs. External Development
 Fable of “40 Acres & a Mule”
 Field work to domestic work
 W.E.B. DuBois - NAACP
 Education becomes backbone of growth
for the African American culture
-Booker T. Washington
-Atlanta Compromise
-Self Advancement – Economically
-Less focus on Equality
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Congress proposes Amendments
 13th
(1865
 14th (1868)
 15th (1870)
 Many in North felt with passage of
these Amendments, their job was
done
End of Reconstruction
Disillusionment
-Focus on own economy (Panic of 1873)
-Social Darwinism in the North
-Had its own political issues (corruption)
 Amnesty Acts
 Were Blacks inferior?
 By 1876, 7 of 11 Confederate states had
been “redeemed” 3 came back into union
after military pulled out. (Tennessee never
went through reconstruction)
 Election of 1876
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Impact of Civil War &
Reconstruction
 Discrimination
– Jim Crow
 Booker T. Washington & W.E.B.
DuBois – NAACP
 Education for Blacks & Whites
 Supremacy of Federal Government
 Expansion of Federal Government
 Solid South
Compromise of 1877
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Tilden has 184 Electoral Votes (one shy of votes needed for
Presidency)
20 votes are in dispute (Hayes gets all 20 to get to 185
Electoral Votes)
Commission is started to vote on disputed votes (5
Senators, 5 Reps, 5 SC Justices)
Vote goes down party lines 8-7 in favor of Hayes
Secret Compromise included
-Military withdrawn from South
-Control of Federal Patronage in South
-One Southerner to Cabinet
-Internal Improvements in the South
-Aid for a Transcontinental RR in South
-Help build up Industry in South