Transcript Unit IV
SECTIONALISM 4 MAJOR CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR 1. 2. 3. slavery- growing moral issue in the North vs. its defense and expansion in the South Constitutional disputes- federal Union vs. states’ rights Economic differences- industrial North vs. agricultural South 1. 2. 3. 4. Tariffs Banks Internal improvements Political blunders & extremism- on both sides ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES Review Henry Clay’s Economic System- How did Henry Clay’s system lead to the development of regional economics? How did economics become a political issue? TARIFFS After War of 1812, tariffs were passed to help the Northern industries Tariffs continued to increase which upset the South Why? _____________________________ STATES’ RIGHTS John C. Calhoun- supporter of states’ rights from South Carolina pushes the Nullification theory- __________________ If federal gov’t doesn’t allow nullification of a law, then a state can secede Jackson doesn’t agree with Calhoun ◦ “Our Union must be preserved” THE TARIFF SHOWDOWN John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster REBELLIOUS SOUTH CAROLINA High tariffs passed in 1828 that upset the South New tariffs in 1832, so SC declares ’28 & ’32 tariffs “null and void” SC Threatens to leave the Union if forced to pay tariffs South Carolina’s actions infuriate Pres. Jackson Jackson prepares to send troops to SC, but Henry Clay wants to avoid a war, so he Passes a new bill with lower tariffs to avoid conflict Congress passes the Force Bill 1833 US gov’t to use the military to enforce laws IMPORTANCE OF TARIFF SHOWDOWN North & South both believe they WON! Avoid war BUT foreshadows future problems POLITICAL SECTIONALISM How did the good intentions of politicians create a greater rift in US regions? What attempts at saving the Union occur and what were their consequences? POLITICAL ISSUES Land is a hot topic as territories are applying for statehood Congress wanted a balance b/w slave and non-slave states Missouri Compromise 1820 Missouri wants to become a state Would be a Slave state & this worries the North Currently, there’s balance of states in the Union Need a compromise to keep the N & S happy HENRY CLAY’S PROPOSAL Missouri- slave state Maine- free state Propose the 36-30 line Divides the rest of LA territory to help determine the slave issue for future states Below the line______________ Above the line- ________________ EXPANSION IN 1840-50’S Americans debate if slavery should expand to the west South’s beliefs- ________________ Saw Northern attempts to limit slavery as a violation of their constitutional rights Wanted to extend 36-30 line to Pacific Ocean North’s beliefs- ________________ Free Soil Movement◦ Beliefs- ____________________________________ ◦ “free soilers” est. political party ◦ “free soil, free labor, and free men” POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY To settle the issue of slavery in the west, Congress proposes pop. Sov. People vote on the issue & determine the slave issue Moderates on both side support the idea as it could avoid confrontation COMPROMISE OF 1850 CA ready to apply for statehood CA bans slavery in their constitution President Taylor wants CA as a non-slave state Upsets many radical Southerners- meet in Nashville to discuss leaving the Union Henry Clay proposes a compromise (Comp. of 1850) Barely passes through Congress COMPROMISE OF 1850 CA admitted as a free state Utah & New Mexico divided into 2 territories- allow popular sovereignty Explain p.s.- ___________________ Ban slave trade in DC, but whites can own slaves in the city New Fugitive Slave law- harsher and more enforced KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT 1854 Act: divides Nebraska Territory into 2 smaller territories (NE & KS) Stephen Douglass (D) pushes for this legislation In Congress Allow new territories to have popular sovereignty Why does Douglass (as a northerner) push for this? ____________________________ Destroys the Whig Party CONSEQUENCES OF ACT Disrupts the peace from Compromise of 1850 Repeals Missouri Compromise (36-30 line) Northern Democrats upset with Douglass Destroys his political career Many Dems. Want to leave party Will eventually join the new Republican party NEW POLITICAL PARTIES Know-Nothing Party Platform: anti-immigration Why? Republican Party Formed directly in opposition to the K/N Act Who? anti-slavery Whigs & Democrats Abolitionists join later Platform: Initially want slavery confined to the South Wanted repeal of K/N Act & Fugitive Slave law KNOW-NOTHING PARTY BLEEDING KANSAS N & S trying to populate Kansas, so the territory can apply for statehood Pro-slavery settlers Anti-slavery settlers Fighting breaks out b/w 2 groups over slave issue Which leads to the nickname “Bleeding Kansas” 1st time fighting occurs over slavery issue SLAVERY ISSUE Fugitive Slave Law Purpose of law: Track down runaways, capture them & return home Tougher penalties for helping runaways Problems with law: Resisted by many northerners Northerners find loopholes UNDERGROUND RR network throughout South & Middle States to ensure freedom for runaways Organized by Harriet Tubman Makes 19 trips & helps 300 slaves UNCLE TOM’S CABIN Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852 Criticizes slavery Instant best seller, but banned in the South Impact-____________ ABOLITIONISTS William Lloyd Garrison________________ Frederick Douglass-____________________ abolition Early stage American Colonization Society 1820’s Abolition is a small movement By the 1850’s, movement gains more support from Northerners Demand emancipation SLAVERY Rural slavery Urban slavery SLAVERY IN THE US Nat Turner’s rebellion Impact of his rebellion- _________________________ Illegal to free or educate slaves Debate over slavery changes For the early years of the US, politicians avoided discussion of slavery to keep Union together In Congress the gag rule existed - ______________ Many Northern churches start to speak out against slavery while southern churches _____________ As more & more Northerners attack slavery, South defends slavery even more DRED SCOTT V. SANFORD Dred Scott a MO slave and lives in Wisconsin for 2 years Moves Back to MO & sues for freedom Case goes to Supreme Court where they rule Scott has no right to sue in federal court Slaves are property MO Compromise is unconstitutional (can’t Limit slavery) LINCOLN- DOUGLAS DEBATES 1858 Senatorial election in Illinois Stephen Douglas v. Abraham Lincoln Douglas Lincoln LINCOLN-DOUGLASS DEBATES Slavery a hot topic Douglass argues that Lincoln wants racial equality, but he promises he doesn’t Douglas wanted popular sovereignty . . . He believed it would die out anyways Douglas wins due to his aggressiveness, but destroys his chance of wining presidential election in 1860 HARPER’S FERRY John Brown is a radical abolitionist His plan- capture the US arsenal Believed Slaves would join him & then they will take on plantation owners to free all slaves October 16, 1859 Brown attacks an arsenal in Harper’s Ferry Federal troops sent to capture Brown & rebellion is crushed REACTION TO THE ATTACK South-Fear, condemns the attacks North- see him as a martyr & hero Impact of event-_________ STEPS TO WAR . . . Missouri Compromise Election of 1848 Compromise of 1850 Kansas Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas New political parties Dred Scott decision Harper’s Ferry Economic differences Election of 1860 ELECTION OF 1860 April 1860 Democratic Convention in Charleston South wants party to denounce Pop. Sov. Douglas expecting nomination some delegates walk out when party refuses to denounce PS Party splits . . . No way they will win N. Dem- S. Douglas S. Dem- John C. Breckinridge REPUBLICANS Candidate: Lincoln Good chance of winning Why? __________ Platform No expansion of slavery High tariff Advocate Homestead Act- give land to those who move to territories ELECTION OF 1860 4 candidates: John Breckinridge (S Dems) Stephen Douglas (N Dems) John Bell (Constitutional Union Party- wins border states) Lincoln (Rep) Wins most of votes 40% of popular vote ELECTORAL VOTES SOUTH’S REACTION Secession theory: Each state was a sovereign body until joining the Union, they just agreed to give over some rights When gov’t breaks contract, they have the right to leave What causes the South to believe the contract has been broken?? _____________________ South Carolina holds 1st meeting to leave the Union 6 states follow (GA) 4 states don’t think Lincoln’s election is enough to leave the Union Many Southerners want to see what will happen when Lincoln is actually president Lincoln initially didn’t want any spread of slavery, NOT to abolish slavery SECESSION IN ORDER . . . States Date Votes SC Dec. 20, 1860 169-0 MS Jan. 9, 1861 84-15 FL Jan. 10th 62-7 AL Jan. 11th 61-39 GA Jan. 19th 208-89 LA Jan. 26th 113-17 TX Feb. 1st 166-8 CREATION OF THE CONFEDERACY 7 states meet to write a constitution 1861 Elect Jefferson Davis- president Alexander Stephens- VP SOUTH CAROLINA Throughout the South, people start capturing arsenals (take weapons) South demands surrender of Fort Sumter (Charleston) Robert Anderson pleads to Lincoln for help In March 1861, Lincoln makes a speech Won’t make the 1st shot, but Will protect federal laws & property if attacked FORT SUMTER Lincoln sends supplies and South refuses to allow them Southern general advises fort to surrender, but they refuse Southerners attack the fort to prevent supplies from entering Lincoln says this is an attack and calls the military together Impact of Lincoln’s decision- ____________