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Chapter 10
Reconstruction
The Debate Over
Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
Moderate policy that would reconcile Southerns with
Union instead of punishing them for treason
Offered a general amnesty to all Southerns who took a
oath of loyalty to the United States and accepted the
unions proclamation concerning slavery
Only people not voted pardon
1
2
3
The Debate Over
Reconstruction
Resistance to Lincoln’s plan
Radical Republicans – did not want to reconcile with
the South
1) wanted to prevent leaders of Confederacy form
returning to power (after the war)
2) wanted Republican party to become a powerful
institution in the South
3) wanted federal gov’t to help African Americans
achieve political equality by guaranteeing their right to
vote in the South
The Debate Over
Reconstruction
Number of Republicans thought Lincolns plan was too lenient but
that radicals were too supporting of African Americans
The Wade-Davis Bill
Required majority of adult white males in former Confederate states
to take an oath of allegiance to the union
Each states convention would have to abolish slavery
Reject all debts the state had acquired as part of the Confederacy
Deprive all former Confederate gov’t officials and military officers of
voting or hold office
Lincoln would pocket-veto, he wanted “no persecution, no bloody work”
The Debate Over
Reconstruction
Freedmen’s Bureau
Started when thousands of freed African Americans
began following Union troops seeing food and shelter
To feed themselves, Sherman reserved abandoned land
for the use of freed African Americans
Congress established Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,
and Abolished Lands – Freedmen’s Bureau
Helped get them clothes and find work
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedmensbureau/videos
The Debate
Over
Reconstruction
Johnson Takes Over
- Took over after
Lincoln was
assassinated and
remained loyal to
North
The Debate Over
Reconstruction
His plan resembled Lincoln’s
May 1865 he issued an amnesty proclamation
1.
2.
3.
The Debate Over
Reconstruction
Same day of pardon, Johnson issued another
proclamation for North Carolina
It became a model of how he wanted to restore the
South to the Union
1.
2.
3.
•
Next Congress session in Dec. 1865, Many
Congressmen were angered that Southerner voters had
elected former Confederate soldiers to Congress
The Debate Over Reconstruction
- Southern state legislature also passed black codes which severely limited African
Americans rights
- Black codes varied by state, seemed to have same conditions as slavery
- 1.
2.
3.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCcHKCueVe0
Radical Republicans Take
Control
Late 1865, House and Senate Republicans created a
Joint Committee on Reconstruction
Goal to develop their own program for rebuilding the
Union
Effort to override black codes, Congress passed the
Civil Rights Acts of 1866
Granted all persons born in U.S. Citizenship besides
native Americans
Blacks own property and Treated equally in court
Radical Republicans Take
Control
Fourteenth Amendment
Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in
the U.S. and declared that no stat could deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property
Also declared that no state could deny any person
“equal protection of the law”
Radical Republicans Take
Control
March 1867, Congressional Republicans passed the
Military Reconstruction Act
Divided former Confederacy into 5 military districts
each having a Union general in charge
Each state had to create new state constitution giving all
adult male citizens the right to vote regardless of race
After state ratified their constitution it had to ratify 14th
Amendment before it would be allowed to elect
members to Congress
By end of 1868, 6 former Confederate states met all
requirements and were readmitted to the Union
Radical Republicans Take
Control
Republicans were taking control and wanted to keep it
that way
They distrusted President Johnson and wanted to keep
Johnson from interfering with their plans
Republicans kept trust with Grant and StantonSecretary of War
Radical Republicans Take
Control
Congress passed Command of the Army Act
Required all orders from the President to go through
the headquarters of the general
And Tenure of Office Act
Required the Senate to approve the removal of any
government official whose appointment had required
the Senate’s consent
Johnson wanted to challenge the Tenure Act and fired
Stanton
Radical Republicans Take Control
- House voted to impeach Johnson for breaking the law by refusing to
uphold the Tenure Act
- He would go to trial and be found not guilty by the Senate
Radical Republicans Take
Control
Some Republicans joined
Democrats in refusing to
convict him because the
president did not agree
with Congressional
policies
Johnson would stay in
office but not run to be
re-elected – Grant would
be voted into office in
1868
Radical Republicans Take
Control
Republicans now had majority in Congress and a
president they trusted
The Fifteenth Amendment
Declared the right to vote “shall not be denied…on
account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.”
Radical Reconstruction impacted the South in the
short term brought African Americans into political
process and changed Southern society
Republican Rule
Lots of resistance from white Southerners who did not
like the overtaking of Republicans in South because
the party included Northerners and African Americans
Also believed the Union Army forced new Republican
government on them
Republican Rule
Many Northerners moved down South
1.
2.
3.
Southerners called Northern newcomers carpetbaggers
because they viewed them as intruders seeking to
exploit the South
Southerners also disliked other Southerners who
supported reconstruction – called scalawags
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-m701yB_ro
Republican Rule
Scalawags were:
1.
2.
3.
African Americans gained political power as well after
the pass of the 15th Amendment
Won local election up to serving in both houses of
Congress
Republican Rule
Republican Reforms
--Positive
--Negative
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
Republican Rule
African Americans worked to improve their lives in
many ways
Churches, education, and other organizations to
support each other
Southerners were unhappy with “Black Republican”
government
Republican Rule
Southerners were unable to openly strike at the
Republicans running their state – organized secret
societies
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) – largest group – formed by
former Confederate states
Goal – drive out carpetbaggers and intimidate black
voters so as to regain control of the South for the
Democratic Party
Some Republicans and African Americans organized
groups to fight back
Republican Rule
As violence increased the federal government would
step in
Congress passed 3 Enforcement Acts
1. first act made it a federal crime to interfere with a
citizens right to vote
2. put federal elections under supervision of federal
marshals
3. Ku Klux Klan Act – outlawed the activities of the
Klan
http://www.history.com/topics/ku-klux-klan/videos/the-kkk
Reconstruction Collapses
The Grant Administration
Grant believed the President should only carry out laws
and leave development of policy to Congress. Radical
Republicans were pleased but this left the President
weak and have ineffective power.
Reconstruction Collapses
Republican control in Congress expanded programs
put in place by Reconstruction
1.
2.
3.
Democrats would attack Republican economic policies
and have Liberal Republicans agree with them
Reconstruction Collapses
Grant would win re-election despite the Democrats
push for a new President
Series of scandals would hurt Grants second term – all
over money
The Panic of 1873
economic crisis
From scandals and economic depression the
Democrats would win back control of the House of
Representatives
Reconstruction Collapses
Rising power of the Democrats made enforcing
Reconstruction difficult
1870s, Southern Democrats had regained control of
local and state governments from Republicans
They won back control by intimidation
1.
2.
Reconstruction Collapses
The Compromise of 1877
New election – Grants reputation damaged,
Republicans nominated Rutherford B Hayes –
Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden
On Election Day 184 votes - Tilden; 165 – Hayes
3 states had so much election fraud the winner was
unclear
Reconstruction Collapses
To solve issue – Congress appointed 15 persons
commission made up equally of members of the
House, Senate and Supreme Court
vote was 8 to 7 – Southern Democrats joined
Republicans and voted to accept the commission’s
finding
Deal was made giving Hayes the win, election would be
known as the Compromise of 1877
From it Republicans promised to pull federal troops
out of the South
pulling troops out caused the last Republican
government in South to collapse and Democrats
“redeemed” South – ending Reconstruction
Reconstruction Collapses
“New South” created
develop a strong industrial economy
powerful white Southerners and Northern financiers
brought great economic changes
1. railroads 2. Iron and steel industry 3. Tobacco
processing 4. Cotton mills
Collapse of Reconstruction ended blacks hopes of
getting their own land
Many went back to plantations and worked for wages or
became tenant farmers
some became sharecroppers
this would trap some African American into debt and
limited rights